Lihat sumber Proyek senjata nuklir Jerman

'''Proyek senjata nuklir Jerman''' (; secara tidak resmi dikenal dengan nama ''Uranverein'') adalah upaya pengembangan [[senjata nuklir]] oleh [[Jerman Nazi]] selama [[Perang Dunia II]]. Upaya pertama dilakukan pada April 1939, beberapa bulan setelah penemuan [[fisi nuklir]] pada Desember 1938, tetap upaya tersebut diakhiri beberapa bulan kemudian akibat [[invasi Polandia]] yang mewamilkan banyak fisikawan.

Upaya kedua dimulai di bawah pengawasan [[Waffenamt|''Heereswaffenamt'']] pada 1&nbsp;September 1939, satu hari setelah Invasi Polandia. Program ini pada akhirnya diperbesar dan terdiri dari tiga proyek utama: ''Uranmaschine'' ([[reaktor nuklir]]), uranium dan produksi [[air berat]], serta [[pemisahan isotop]] uranium. Pada akhirnya, fisi nuklir dianggap tidak akan membantu mengakhiri perang, sehingga pada Januari 1942 ''Heereswaffenamt'' menyerahkan tanggungjawab program ini kepada ''[[Reichsforschungsrat]]'' (Dewan Penelitian Reich) walaupun mereka masih meneruskan pendanaannya. Penelitian lalu dilakukan oleh sembilan institut besar yang memiliki tujuannya masing-masing.

Tokoh ''Uranverein'' yang paling penting adalah [[Kurt Diebner]], [[Abraham Esau]], [[Walther Gerlach]], dan [[Erich Schumann]]; Schumann adalah salah satu fisikawan paling berpengaruh di Jerman Nazi. Diebner adalah orang yang mengendalikan jalannya penelitian fisi nuklir. Abraham Esau diangkat sebagai kepala penelitian fisika nuklir [[Hermann Göring]] pada Desember 1942, sementara Walther Gerlach menggantikannya pada Desember 1943.

Akibat politisasi dunia akademi Jerman oleh [[Nazisme|rezim Nazi]], banyak fisikawan, insinyur dan matematikawan yang melarikan diri dari Jerman semenjak tahun 1933. Ilmuwan-ilmuwan keturunan Yahudi yang tidak meninggalkan Jerman dikeluarkan dari institusi-institusi penelitian, sehingga jumlah ilmuwan semakin berkurang. Politisasi universitas dan kebutuhan sumber daya manusia untuk kebutuhan perang Jerman juga semakin mengurangi jumlah fisikawan yang dapat membantu merampungkan proyek ini.

Setelah berakhirnya [[Perang Dunia II]], negara-negara Sekutu saling bersaing untuk memperoleh komponen-komponen industri nuklir yang masih tersisa (personil, fasilitas dan bahan baku).

== Catatan kaki ==


== Bacaan lanjut ==

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*
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* Hoffmann, Dieter and Mark Walker (editors) ''Physiker zwischen Autonomie und Anpassung'' (Wiley-VCH, 2007)
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* [[Richard Rhodes|Rhodes, Richard]] ''The Making of the Atomic Bomb'' (Simon and Schuster, 1986)
* Rose, Paul Lawrence, ''Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project: A Study in German Culture'' (California, 1998). For a critical review of this book, please see: Landsman, N. P. ''Getting even with Heisenberg'', ''Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics'' Volume 33, 297–325 (2002).
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* Schumann, Erich ''Wehrmacht und Froschung'' in Richard Donnevert (editor) ''Wehrmacht und Partei'' second expanded edition, (Barth, 1939) 133–151. See also the annotated English translation: ''Document 75. Erich Schumann: Armed Forces and Research [1939]'' in Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) ''Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources'' (Birkhäuser, 1996) 207–220.
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* Walker, Mark ''Eine Waffenschmiede? Kernwaffen- und Reaktorforschung am Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Physik'', ''Forschungsprogramm „Geschichte der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft im Nationalsozialismus"'' [http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/KWG/Ergebnisse/Ergebnisse26.pdf Ergebnisse 26] (2005)
* Mark Walker ''Otto Hahn: Responsibility and Repression'', ''Physics in Perspective'' Volume 8, Number 2, 116–163 (2006). Mark Walker is Professor of History at Union College in Schenectady, New York.



== Sumber dan atribusi ==

Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proyek+senjata+nuklir+Jerman&oldid=26070757 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 26070757 (2024-07-21T17:56:35Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.