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	<title>Bukaan (fotografi) - Riwayat revisi</title>
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	<updated>2026-09-15T13:24:29Z</updated>
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		<title>Maintenance script: Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi</title>
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		<updated>2026-08-27T13:59:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw-interface=&quot;&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisi sebelumnya&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisi per 27 Agustus 2026 13.59&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Baris 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam [[optika]], &#039;&#039;&#039;bukaan&#039;&#039;&#039; atau &#039;&#039;&#039;nilai bukaan&#039;&#039;&#039; () adalah bilangan yang menunjukkan korelasi [[jarak pumpun]] [[lensa]] terhadap [[tingkap]]an. Sebagai contoh, lensa dengan jarak pumpun 100mm, pada pengaturan bukaan 4 (nilai tingkapan f/4), mempunyai arti bahwa diafragma pada lensa tersebut sedang terbuka dengan diameter 25mm.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[File:Aperture_diagram.svg|thumb|right|280px|Aperture diagram]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam [[optika]], &#039;&#039;&#039;bukaan&#039;&#039;&#039; atau &#039;&#039;&#039;nilai bukaan&#039;&#039;&#039; ()&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Smith, Warren &#039;&#039;Modern Lens Design&#039;&#039; 2005 McGraw-Hill&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;adalah bilangan yang menunjukkan korelasi [[jarak pumpun]] [[lensa]] terhadap [[tingkap]]an. Sebagai contoh, lensa dengan jarak pumpun 100mm, pada pengaturan bukaan 4 (nilai tingkapan f/4), mempunyai arti bahwa diafragma pada lensa tersebut sedang terbuka dengan diameter 25mm.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Biasanya dilambangkan dengan huruf &amp;quot;f&amp;quot;. Nilai bukaan umumnya merupakan urutan 1, 1.2, 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, dan seterusnya. Karena bukaan adalah perbandingan antara jarak pumpun lensa dengan diameter dari diafragma yang terbuka saat itu, maka untuk satu nilai bukaan (misalnya 8) pada semua lensa (tidak tergantung dari jarak pumpun lensa tersebut), akan meneruskan [[intensitas cahaya]] yang sama.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Biasanya dilambangkan dengan huruf &amp;quot;f&amp;quot;. Nilai bukaan umumnya merupakan urutan 1, 1.2, 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, dan seterusnya. Karena bukaan adalah perbandingan antara jarak pumpun lensa dengan diameter dari diafragma yang terbuka saat itu, maka untuk satu nilai bukaan (misalnya 8) pada semua lensa (tidak tergantung dari jarak pumpun lensa tersebut), akan meneruskan [[intensitas cahaya]] yang sama.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada tahun 1867, [[Thomas Sutton]] dan [[George Dawson]] mendefinisikan nisbah tingkapan (&#039;&#039;apertal ratio&#039;&#039;) yang pada dasarnya setara dengan nilai bukaan (&#039;&#039;f-number&#039;&#039;):&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada tahun 1867, [[Thomas Sutton]] dan [[George Dawson]] mendefinisikan nisbah tingkapan (&#039;&#039;apertal ratio&#039;&#039;) yang pada dasarnya setara dengan nilai bukaan (&#039;&#039;f-number&#039;&#039;):&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Thomas Sutton and George Dawson, &#039;&#039;A Dictionary of Photography&#039;&#039;, London: Sampson Low, Son &amp;amp; Marston, 1867, (p. 122).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;In every lens there is, corresponding to a given apertal ratio (that is, the ratio of the diameter of the stop to the focal length), a certain distance of a near object from it, between which and infinity all objects are in equally good focus. For instance, in a single view lens of 6 inch focus, with a 1/4 in. stop (apertal ratio one-twenty-fourth), all objects situated at distances lying between 20 feet from the lens and an infinite distance from it (a fixed star, for instance) are in equally good focus. Twenty feet is therefore called the &amp;#039;focal range&amp;#039; of the lens when this stop is used. The focal range is consequently the distance of the nearest object, which will be in good focus when the ground glass is adjusted for an extremely distant object. In the same lens, the focal range will depend upon the size of the diaphragm used, while in different lenses having the same apertal ratio the focal ranges will be greater as the focal length of the lens is increased. The terms &amp;#039;apertal ratio&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;focal range&amp;#039; have not come into general use, but it is very desirable that they should, in order to prevent ambiguity and circumlocution when treating of the properties of photographic lenses.&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;In every lens there is, corresponding to a given apertal ratio (that is, the ratio of the diameter of the stop to the focal length), a certain distance of a near object from it, between which and infinity all objects are in equally good focus. For instance, in a single view lens of 6 inch focus, with a 1/4 in. stop (apertal ratio one-twenty-fourth), all objects situated at distances lying between 20 feet from the lens and an infinite distance from it (a fixed star, for instance) are in equally good focus. Twenty feet is therefore called the &amp;#039;focal range&amp;#039; of the lens when this stop is used. The focal range is consequently the distance of the nearest object, which will be in good focus when the ground glass is adjusted for an extremely distant object. In the same lens, the focal range will depend upon the size of the diaphragm used, while in different lenses having the same apertal ratio the focal ranges will be greater as the focal length of the lens is increased. The terms &amp;#039;apertal ratio&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;focal range&amp;#039; have not come into general use, but it is very desirable that they should, in order to prevent ambiguity and circumlocution when treating of the properties of photographic lenses.&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada 1874, [[John Henry Dallmeyer]] menyebut nisbah &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;1/N&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; sebagai &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;intensity ratio&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; sebuah lensa:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada 1874, [[John Henry Dallmeyer]] menyebut nisbah &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;1/N&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; sebagai &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;intensity ratio&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039; sebuah lensa:&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;John Henry Dallmeyer, &#039;&#039;Photographic Lenses: On Their Choice and Use—Special Edition Edited for American Photographers&#039;&#039;, pamphlet, 1874.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;rapidity&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of a lens depends upon the relation or ratio of the aperture to the equivalent focus. To ascertain this, divide the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;equivalent focus&amp;#039;&amp;#039; by the diameter of the actual &amp;#039;&amp;#039;working aperture&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the lens in question; and note down the quotient as the denominator with 1, or unity, for the numerator. Thus to find the ratio of a lens of 2 inches diameter and 6 inches focus, divide the focus by the aperture, or 6 divided by 2 equals 3; i.e., 1/3 is the intensity ratio.&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;rapidity&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of a lens depends upon the relation or ratio of the aperture to the equivalent focus. To ascertain this, divide the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;equivalent focus&amp;#039;&amp;#039; by the diameter of the actual &amp;#039;&amp;#039;working aperture&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the lens in question; and note down the quotient as the denominator with 1, or unity, for the numerator. Thus to find the ratio of a lens of 2 inches diameter and 6 inches focus, divide the focus by the aperture, or 6 divided by 2 equals 3; i.e., 1/3 is the intensity ratio.&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Walaupun dia belum mengetahui teori [[Ernst Abbe]] mengenai &#039;&#039;stop&#039;&#039; dan &#039;&#039;pupil&#039;&#039;, yang dipopulerkan oleh [[Siegfried Czapski]] pada tahun 1893, Dallmeyer menyadari bahwa tingkap tidaklah sama dengan diameter sebuah &#039;&#039;aperture-stop&#039;&#039;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Walaupun dia belum mengetahui teori [[Ernst Abbe]] mengenai &#039;&#039;stop&#039;&#039; dan &#039;&#039;pupil&#039;&#039;,&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC01942476&amp;amp;id=-r6LPy-nWPwC&amp;amp;pg=RA3-PA537&amp;amp;dq=theory-of-stops Theory of stops]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;yang dipopulerkan oleh [[Siegfried Czapski]] pada tahun 1893,&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Siegfried Czapski, &#039;&#039;Theorie der optischen Instrumente, nach Abbe,&#039;&#039; Breslau: Trewendt, 1893.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Dallmeyer menyadari bahwa tingkap tidaklah sama dengan diameter sebuah &#039;&#039;aperture-stop&#039;&#039;.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;John Henry Dallmeyer, &#039;&#039;Photographic Lenses: On Their Choice and Use—Special Edition Edited for American Photographers&#039;&#039;, pamphlet, 1874.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;It must be observed, however, that in order to find the real &amp;#039;&amp;#039;intensity ratio&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the diameter of the actual working aperture must be ascertained. This is easily accomplished in the case of single lenses, or for double combination lenses used with the full opening, these merely requiring the application of a pair of compasses or rule; but when double or triple-combination lenses are used, with stops inserted &amp;#039;&amp;#039;between&amp;#039;&amp;#039; the combinations, it is somewhat more troublesome; for it is obvious that in this case the diameter of the stop employed is not the measure of the actual pencil of light transmitted by the front combination. To ascertain this, focus for a distant object, remove the focusing screen and replace it by the collodion slide, having previously inserted a piece of cardboard in place of the prepared plate. Make a small round hole in the centre of the cardboard with a piercer, and now remove to a darkened room; apply a candle close to the hole, and observe the illuminated patch visible upon the front combination; the diameter of this circle, carefully measured, is the actual working aperture of the lens in question for the particular stop employed.&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;It must be observed, however, that in order to find the real &amp;#039;&amp;#039;intensity ratio&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the diameter of the actual working aperture must be ascertained. This is easily accomplished in the case of single lenses, or for double combination lenses used with the full opening, these merely requiring the application of a pair of compasses or rule; but when double or triple-combination lenses are used, with stops inserted &amp;#039;&amp;#039;between&amp;#039;&amp;#039; the combinations, it is somewhat more troublesome; for it is obvious that in this case the diameter of the stop employed is not the measure of the actual pencil of light transmitted by the front combination. To ascertain this, focus for a distant object, remove the focusing screen and replace it by the collodion slide, having previously inserted a piece of cardboard in place of the prepared plate. Make a small round hole in the centre of the cardboard with a piercer, and now remove to a darkened room; apply a candle close to the hole, and observe the illuminated patch visible upon the front combination; the diameter of this circle, carefully measured, is the actual working aperture of the lens in question for the particular stop employed.&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Anak dari [[John Henry Dallmeyer]], [[Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer]], seorang penemu lensa tele, mengikuti terminologi &#039;&#039;intensity ratio&#039;&#039; pada tahun 1899.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Anak dari [[John Henry Dallmeyer]], [[Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer]], seorang penemu lensa tele, mengikuti terminologi &#039;&#039;intensity ratio&#039;&#039; pada tahun 1899.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Thomas R. Dallmeyer, &#039;&#039;Telephotography: An elementary treatise on the construction and application of the telephotographic lens&#039;&#039;, London: Heinemann, 1899.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Pengaruh bukaan ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Pengaruh bukaan ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l21&quot;&gt;Baris 21:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 23:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Notasi ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Notasi ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada [[fotografi]], karena [[lensa fotografi]] tidak hanya terdiri dari sebuah [[lensa]] melainkan dari &#039;&#039;exit pupil&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;entrance pupil&#039;&#039; dan beberapa bilah lensa di antaranya, &#039;&#039;&#039;bukaan&#039;&#039;&#039; kemudian didefinisikan sebagai rasio antara panjang fokus lensa dan diameter &#039;&#039;entrance pupil&#039;&#039; dengan persamaan:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada [[fotografi]], karena [[lensa fotografi]] tidak hanya terdiri dari sebuah [[lensa]] melainkan dari &#039;&#039;exit pupil&#039;&#039;, &#039;&#039;entrance pupil&#039;&#039; dan beberapa bilah lensa di antaranya, &#039;&#039;&#039;bukaan&#039;&#039;&#039; kemudian didefinisikan sebagai rasio antara panjang fokus lensa dan diameter &#039;&#039;entrance pupil&#039;&#039;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ralph (et al.) Jacobson. [https://archive.org/details/manualofphotogra0000unse The Manual of Photography]. Focal Press. 1988. ISBN 0-240-51268-5. p.49&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;dengan persamaan:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;: &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N = f/D \,&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;: &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N = f/D \,&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l57&quot;&gt;Baris 57:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 59:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;di mana A adalah nilai bukaan dan A&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;v&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; adalah nilai &amp;#039;&amp;#039;f-stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039; atau &amp;#039;&amp;#039;aperture stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Untuk setiap nilai A&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;v&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; dari nilai -2 hingga 14 didapat nilai bukaan sebesar:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;di mana A adalah nilai bukaan dan A&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;v&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; adalah nilai &amp;#039;&amp;#039;f-stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039; atau &amp;#039;&amp;#039;aperture stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Untuk setiap nilai A&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;v&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; dari nilai -2 hingga 14 didapat nilai bukaan sebesar:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;!Av&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| -2 || -1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 11 || 12 || 13 || 14&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|-&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|-bgcolor=&quot;#CCFFCD&quot;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;!Bukaan&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| 0.5 || 0.7 || 1.0 || 1.4 || 2 || 2.8 || 4 || 5.6 || 8 || 11 || 16 || 22 || 32 || 45 || 64 || 90 || 128&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|}&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dengan perkembangan teknologi, jeda stop sekarang dapat diperkecil menjadi 1/2 stop atau 1/3 stop. Istilah 1/2ev atau 1/3ev mempunyai arti yang sama. Urutan nilai bukaan pada jeda 1/2 stop menjadi:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dengan perkembangan teknologi, jeda stop sekarang dapat diperkecil menjadi 1/2 stop atau 1/3 stop. Istilah 1/2ev atau 1/3ev mempunyai arti yang sama. Urutan nilai bukaan pada jeda 1/2 stop menjadi:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;: 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;0/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;: 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;0/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|-bgcolor=&quot;#FFFFCC&quot;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;!Bukaan&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 1.0 || 1.2 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 1.4 || 1.7 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 2 || 2.4 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 2.8 || 3.3 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 4 || 4.8 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 5.6 || 6.7 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 8 || 9.5 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 11 || 13 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 16 || 19 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 22&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|}&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;dan pada 1/3EV adalah:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;dan pada 1/3EV adalah:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;: 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;0/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;: 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;0/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|-bgcolor=&quot;#e5d1cb&quot;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;!Bukaan&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 1.0 || 1.1 || 1.2 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 1.4 || 1.6 || 1.8 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 2 || 2.2 || 2.5 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 2.8 || 3.2 || 3.5 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 4 || 4.5 || 5.0 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 5.6 || 6.3 || 7.1 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 8 || 9 || 10 || style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;|11 || 13 || 14 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 16 || 18 || 20 ||style=&quot;background:#CCFFCC;&quot;| 22&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|}&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== [[T-stop]] ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== [[T-stop]] ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada lensa kamera sinematografi, terdapat istilah &#039;&#039;&#039;T-stop&#039;&#039;&#039;, kependekan dari &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Transmission stop&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;, yaitu ukuran digunakan untuk kalibrasi berdasarkan tingkat sinar luminasi yang melalui lensa. [[Kalibrasi]] ini diperlukan karena lensa kamera sinematografi juga terdiri dari banyak bilah lensa dan tiap bilah lensa dapat meredam dan memantulkan sejumlah intensitas cahaya. T-stop mirip dengan &#039;&#039;exposure value&#039;&#039;, luminasi yang terjadi di atas bidang fokal fotografi, tetapi pada T-stop tidak terdapat komponen &#039;&#039;shutter-stop&#039;&#039;, jadi pada praktiknya sebuah T-stop setara dengan f-stop sebuah lensa ideal dengan 100% transmisi luminasi.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada lensa kamera sinematografi, terdapat istilah &#039;&#039;&#039;T-stop&#039;&#039;&#039;, kependekan dari &#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;Transmission stop&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;,&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eastman Kodak, [http://www.kodak.com/US/en/motion/support/h2/intro01P.shtml &quot;H2: Kodak Motion Picture Camera Films&quot;] , November 2000 revision. Retrieved 2 September 2007.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;yaitu ukuran digunakan untuk kalibrasi berdasarkan tingkat sinar luminasi yang melalui lensa. [[Kalibrasi]] ini diperlukan karena lensa kamera sinematografi juga terdiri dari banyak bilah lensa dan tiap bilah lensa dapat meredam dan memantulkan sejumlah intensitas cahaya. T-stop mirip dengan &#039;&#039;exposure value&#039;&#039;, luminasi yang terjadi di atas bidang fokal fotografi, tetapi pada T-stop tidak terdapat komponen &#039;&#039;shutter-stop&#039;&#039;, jadi pada praktiknya sebuah T-stop setara dengan f-stop sebuah lensa ideal dengan 100% transmisi luminasi.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Referensi ==&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Lihat pula ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Lihat pula ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l86&quot;&gt;Baris 86:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 101:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*  [http://www.largeformatphotography.info/fstop.html Large format photography—how to select the f-stop]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*  [http://www.largeformatphotography.info/fstop.html Large format photography—how to select the f-stop]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Referensi ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Sumber dan atribusi ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sumber &lt;/del&gt;dan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;atribusi ==&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Bukaan+%28fotografi%29&amp;amp;oldid&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;28760347 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28760347 (2025-12-31T03:57:54Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Gambar pada artikel ini bersumber dari Wikimedia Commons &lt;/ins&gt;dan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mengikuti ketentuan lisensi masing-masing berkas. Mohon gunakan konten dan media secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bukaan+%28fotografi%29&amp;amp;oldid=28760347 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28760347 (2025&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;12&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;31T03:57:54Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;BerbagiSerupa (CC BY&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!&lt;/ins&gt;-- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;WIKI_UNISSULA_PRESENTATION_V4 &lt;/ins&gt;--&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Bukaan_(fotografi)&amp;diff=18171&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 28760347; atribusi sumber disertakan.</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Bukaan_(fotografi)&amp;diff=18171&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-08-27T13:20:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 28760347; atribusi sumber disertakan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Halaman baru&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam [[optika]], &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;bukaan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; atau &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;nilai bukaan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; () adalah bilangan yang menunjukkan korelasi [[jarak pumpun]] [[lensa]] terhadap [[tingkap]]an. Sebagai contoh, lensa dengan jarak pumpun 100mm, pada pengaturan bukaan 4 (nilai tingkapan f/4), mempunyai arti bahwa diafragma pada lensa tersebut sedang terbuka dengan diameter 25mm.&lt;br /&gt;
Biasanya dilambangkan dengan huruf &amp;quot;f&amp;quot;. Nilai bukaan umumnya merupakan urutan 1, 1.2, 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, dan seterusnya. Karena bukaan adalah perbandingan antara jarak pumpun lensa dengan diameter dari diafragma yang terbuka saat itu, maka untuk satu nilai bukaan (misalnya 8) pada semua lensa (tidak tergantung dari jarak pumpun lensa tersebut), akan meneruskan [[intensitas cahaya]] yang sama.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pada tahun 1867, [[Thomas Sutton]] dan [[George Dawson]] mendefinisikan nisbah tingkapan (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;apertal ratio&amp;#039;&amp;#039;) yang pada dasarnya setara dengan nilai bukaan (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;f-number&amp;#039;&amp;#039;):&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;In every lens there is, corresponding to a given apertal ratio (that is, the ratio of the diameter of the stop to the focal length), a certain distance of a near object from it, between which and infinity all objects are in equally good focus. For instance, in a single view lens of 6 inch focus, with a 1/4 in. stop (apertal ratio one-twenty-fourth), all objects situated at distances lying between 20 feet from the lens and an infinite distance from it (a fixed star, for instance) are in equally good focus. Twenty feet is therefore called the &amp;#039;focal range&amp;#039; of the lens when this stop is used. The focal range is consequently the distance of the nearest object, which will be in good focus when the ground glass is adjusted for an extremely distant object. In the same lens, the focal range will depend upon the size of the diaphragm used, while in different lenses having the same apertal ratio the focal ranges will be greater as the focal length of the lens is increased. The terms &amp;#039;apertal ratio&amp;#039; and &amp;#039;focal range&amp;#039; have not come into general use, but it is very desirable that they should, in order to prevent ambiguity and circumlocution when treating of the properties of photographic lenses.&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pada 1874, [[John Henry Dallmeyer]] menyebut nisbah &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;1/N&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; sebagai &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;intensity ratio&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; sebuah lensa:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;The &amp;#039;&amp;#039;rapidity&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of a lens depends upon the relation or ratio of the aperture to the equivalent focus. To ascertain this, divide the &amp;#039;&amp;#039;equivalent focus&amp;#039;&amp;#039; by the diameter of the actual &amp;#039;&amp;#039;working aperture&amp;#039;&amp;#039; of the lens in question; and note down the quotient as the denominator with 1, or unity, for the numerator. Thus to find the ratio of a lens of 2 inches diameter and 6 inches focus, divide the focus by the aperture, or 6 divided by 2 equals 3; i.e., 1/3 is the intensity ratio.&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Walaupun dia belum mengetahui teori [[Ernst Abbe]] mengenai &amp;#039;&amp;#039;stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dan &amp;#039;&amp;#039;pupil&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, yang dipopulerkan oleh [[Siegfried Czapski]] pada tahun 1893, Dallmeyer menyadari bahwa tingkap tidaklah sama dengan diameter sebuah &amp;#039;&amp;#039;aperture-stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;It must be observed, however, that in order to find the real &amp;#039;&amp;#039;intensity ratio&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, the diameter of the actual working aperture must be ascertained. This is easily accomplished in the case of single lenses, or for double combination lenses used with the full opening, these merely requiring the application of a pair of compasses or rule; but when double or triple-combination lenses are used, with stops inserted &amp;#039;&amp;#039;between&amp;#039;&amp;#039; the combinations, it is somewhat more troublesome; for it is obvious that in this case the diameter of the stop employed is not the measure of the actual pencil of light transmitted by the front combination. To ascertain this, focus for a distant object, remove the focusing screen and replace it by the collodion slide, having previously inserted a piece of cardboard in place of the prepared plate. Make a small round hole in the centre of the cardboard with a piercer, and now remove to a darkened room; apply a candle close to the hole, and observe the illuminated patch visible upon the front combination; the diameter of this circle, carefully measured, is the actual working aperture of the lens in question for the particular stop employed.&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Anak dari [[John Henry Dallmeyer]], [[Thomas Rudolphus Dallmeyer]], seorang penemu lensa tele, mengikuti terminologi &amp;#039;&amp;#039;intensity ratio&amp;#039;&amp;#039; pada tahun 1899.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Pengaruh bukaan ==&lt;br /&gt;
Semakin besar angka bukaan, berarti semakin kecil diameter lubang diafragma di bagian dalam lensa. Besarnya diameter terbukanya diafragma akan membuat cahaya yang masuk menjadi lebih banyak, sehingga [[pajanan]] cahaya bertambah dan akibatnya tingkat keterangan foto bertambah, demikian pula sebaliknya.&lt;br /&gt;
Pengaruh lain dari bukaan adalah terjadinya perbedaan [[ruang ketajaman]]. Angka bukaan yang besar menyebabkan ruang ketajaman berkurang. Sebaliknya angka bukaan yang kecil akan menyebabkan ruang ketajaman bertambah.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Notasi ==&lt;br /&gt;
Pada [[fotografi]], karena [[lensa fotografi]] tidak hanya terdiri dari sebuah [[lensa]] melainkan dari &amp;#039;&amp;#039;exit pupil&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;entrance pupil&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dan beberapa bilah lensa di antaranya, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;bukaan&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; kemudian didefinisikan sebagai rasio antara panjang fokus lensa dan diameter &amp;#039;&amp;#039;entrance pupil&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dengan persamaan:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;N = f/D \,&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
di mana:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* N adalah bukaan&lt;br /&gt;
* f adalah panjang fokus lensa&lt;br /&gt;
* D adalah diameter &amp;#039;&amp;#039;entrance pupil&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Satu contoh, misalnya panjang fokus adalah 16x diameter [[pupil]], maka nilai bukaan N=16, sedangkan nilai tingkap = f/16.&lt;br /&gt;
Dengan bertambahnya panjang fokus lensa, nilai bukaan akan bertambah, karena [[sudut pandang]] &amp;#039;&amp;#039;entrance pupil&amp;#039;&amp;#039; yang mengecil dan menghasilkan proyeksi berupa [[lingkaran citra]] dengan diameter yang lebih kecil pula. Jika nilai bukaan tidak ditambahkan sebanding dengan panjang fokus lensa, maka diameter lingkaran citra yang terdifraksi dari tingkap yang diteruskan oleh &amp;#039;&amp;#039;exit pupil&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ke arah [[cermin refleks]] dan terpantul ke permukaan [[bidang fokal]], akan membuat [[vignet]]. Pada desain [[lensa cepat]] ([[bahasa Inggris|en]]:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;fast lens&amp;#039;&amp;#039;) nilai bukaan dapat dipertahankan kecil terhadap pertambahan panjang fokus karena terdapat mekanisme bilah lensa di antara &amp;#039;&amp;#039;entrance pupil&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dan &amp;#039;&amp;#039;exit pupil&amp;#039;&amp;#039; yang mempertahankan diameter lingkaran citra sebelum melalui tingkap. Dan karena letak tingkap di antara &amp;#039;&amp;#039;exit pupil&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dan jajaran lensa hingga &amp;#039;&amp;#039;entrance pupil&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, desain &amp;#039;&amp;#039;exit pupil&amp;#039;&amp;#039; akan tetap memproyeksikan lingkaran citra dengan ukuran yang sama ke bidang fokal pada seluruh variasi nilai bukaan yang ada.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nilai &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;1 \over N&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; disebut [[rasio tingkap]] ([[bahasa Inggris|en]]:&amp;#039;&amp;#039;aperture ratio&amp;#039;&amp;#039;).&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Penggunaan notasi stop ==&lt;br /&gt;
Istilah stop, selain digunakan sebagai padanan kata untuk diafragma, menjelaskan satu teknik &amp;#039;&amp;#039;bracketing&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, juga digunakan untuk menjelaskan urutan geometrik nilai pajanan () dengan jeda yang menunjukkan dua kali tingkat iluminasi bidang fokal. Misalnya iluminasi bidang fokal pada nilai EV=3 akan setara dengan 4x dengan pajanan yang terjadi pada nilai EV=1. Notasi untuk nilai pajanan yang digunakan dapat bermacam-macam, misalnya EV=3, atau 3EV, atau +3ev, atau -2stop, atau EV=3stop, tanpa satuan, dan sebagainya.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Menurut sistem [[APEX]] (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Additive System of Photographic Exposure&amp;#039;&amp;#039;) dari [[ASA]] (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;American Standards Association&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), nilai pajanan EV adalah penjumlahan aritmatik dari &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;f-stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; atau &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;aperture-stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dengan &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;time-stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; atau &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;shutter-stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dengan persamaan:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;E_v=A_v + T_v \,&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Beberapa kalangan masih mengartikan rumus stop di atas sebagai penjumlahan &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;aperture value&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dengan &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;time value&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; yang menghasilkan &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;exposure value&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; sedang &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;aperture stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; didefinisikan sebagai interval f/1.4, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6 dst.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pada artikel ini, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;aperture value&amp;#039;&amp;#039; diartikan sebagai nilai tingkap seperti f/2,8 atau f/3,5 atau f/8 dan seterusnya, dan &amp;#039;&amp;#039;aperture stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039; sebagai deret geometriknya. Rumus di atas diartikan sebagai penjumlahan &amp;#039;&amp;#039;exposure stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, karena nilai pajanan yang didapatkan bersifat relatif.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Relasi antara &amp;#039;&amp;#039;f-stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039; atau &amp;#039;&amp;#039;aperture-stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dengan nilai bukaan dirumuskan:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A_v=log_2 A^2\,&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
atau&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;lt;math&amp;gt;A = \sqrt {2^{A_v}} &amp;lt;/math&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
di mana A adalah nilai bukaan dan A&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;v&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; adalah nilai &amp;#039;&amp;#039;f-stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039; atau &amp;#039;&amp;#039;aperture stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Untuk setiap nilai A&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;v&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; dari nilai -2 hingga 14 didapat nilai bukaan sebesar:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dengan perkembangan teknologi, jeda stop sekarang dapat diperkecil menjadi 1/2 stop atau 1/3 stop. Istilah 1/2ev atau 1/3ev mempunyai arti yang sama. Urutan nilai bukaan pada jeda 1/2 stop menjadi:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;0/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4/2×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
dan pada 1/3EV adalah:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
: 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;0/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;1/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;3/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, 2&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;4/3×0.5&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt; etc.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
=== [[T-stop]] ===&lt;br /&gt;
Pada lensa kamera sinematografi, terdapat istilah &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;T-stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, kependekan dari &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Transmission stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, yaitu ukuran digunakan untuk kalibrasi berdasarkan tingkat sinar luminasi yang melalui lensa. [[Kalibrasi]] ini diperlukan karena lensa kamera sinematografi juga terdiri dari banyak bilah lensa dan tiap bilah lensa dapat meredam dan memantulkan sejumlah intensitas cahaya. T-stop mirip dengan &amp;#039;&amp;#039;exposure value&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, luminasi yang terjadi di atas bidang fokal fotografi, tetapi pada T-stop tidak terdapat komponen &amp;#039;&amp;#039;shutter-stop&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, jadi pada praktiknya sebuah T-stop setara dengan f-stop sebuah lensa ideal dengan 100% transmisi luminasi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Referensi ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Lihat pula ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Lensa fotografi]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Kecepatan rana]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Kecepatan lensa]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Diafragma (fotografi)|Diafragma]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Tingkap]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Rana]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Pranala luar ==&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://fcalc.net/manual/fnumbers.html f Number Arithmetic]&lt;br /&gt;
*  [http://www.largeformatphotography.info/fstop.html Large format photography—how to select the f-stop]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
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== Sumber dan atribusi ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bukaan+%28fotografi%29&amp;amp;oldid=28760347 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28760347 (2025-12-31T03:57:54Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
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