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	<title>Gaya gerak listrik - Riwayat revisi</title>
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		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisi sebelumnya&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisi per 26 Agustus 2026 04.02&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Baris 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Gaya gerak listrik&#039;&#039;&#039;, disingkat &#039;&#039;&#039;ggl&#039;&#039;&#039; ( (&#039;&#039;emf&#039;&#039;), dilambangkan &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{E}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; dan diukur dalam &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;volt]]), adalah aksi listrik yang dihasilkan oleh sumber non&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;listrik&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Perangkat yang mengubah bentuk energi lain menjadi energi listrik (&quot;[[transduser]]&quot;), seperti [[Baterai listrik&lt;/del&gt;|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;baterai]] (mengubah [[energi kimia]]) atau [[Generator listrik&lt;/del&gt;|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;generator]] (mengubah [[energi mekanik]]), menghasilkan ggl sebagai keluarannya. Kadang-kadang analogi dengan &quot;[[tekanan]]&quot; air digunakan untuk menggambarkan gaya gerak listrik. (Kata &quot;gaya&quot; dalam hal ini tidak dalam konteks [[Gaya (fisika)&lt;/del&gt;|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gaya]] interaksi antar badan, seperti yang dapat diukur dalam [[Pon (gaya)&lt;/del&gt;|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pon&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;atau [[newton]].)&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;File:Faraday-Millikan-Gale&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1913&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;jpg&lt;/ins&gt;|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;thumb&lt;/ins&gt;|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;right&lt;/ins&gt;|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;280px&lt;/ins&gt;|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Faraday-Millikan-Gale-1913&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam [[induksi elektromagnetik]], ggl dapat didefinisikan di sekitar loop tertutup [[Konduktor listrik|konduktor]] sebagai [[Usaha (fisika)|usaha]] elektromagnetik yang dilakukan pada [[muatan listrik]] ([[elektron]] dalam hal ini) jika bergerak sekali mengelilingi loop. Untuk [[fluks magnetik]] yang bervariasi seiring waktu yang menghubungkan suatu loop, medan skalar potensial listrik tidak didefinisikan karena medan vektor listrik yang bersirkulasi, tetapi ggl tetap bekerja yang dapat diukur sebagai potensial listrik virtual di sekitar loop.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Gaya gerak listrik&#039;&#039;&#039;, disingkat &#039;&#039;&#039;ggl&#039;&#039;&#039; ( (&#039;&#039;emf&#039;&#039;), dilambangkan &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{E}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; dan diukur dalam [[volt]]),&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;emf. (1992). &#039;&#039;American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language&#039;&#039; 3rd ed. Boston:Houghton Mifflin.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; adalah aksi listrik yang dihasilkan oleh sumber non-listrik.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Joseph V. Stewart. [https://archive.org/details/intermediateelec0000stew Intermediate electromagnetic theory]. World Scientific. 2001. hlm. [https://archive.org/details/intermediateelec0000stew/page/389 389].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Perangkat yang mengubah bentuk energi lain menjadi energi listrik (&quot;[[transduser]]&quot;),&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Paul A. Tipler. [https://archive.org/details/physics00tipl/page/803 Physics]. Worth Publishers, Inc. January 1976. hlm. [https://archive.org/details/physics00tipl/page/803 803]. ISBN 978-0-87901-041-6.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; seperti [[Baterai listrik|baterai]] (mengubah [[energi kimia]]) atau [[Generator listrik|generator]] (mengubah [[energi mekanik]]),&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Joseph V. Stewart. [https://archive.org/details/intermediateelec0000stew Intermediate electromagnetic theory]. World Scientific. 2001. hlm. [https://archive.org/details/intermediateelec0000stew/page/389 389].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; menghasilkan ggl sebagai keluarannya.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Paul A. Tipler. [https://archive.org/details/physics00tipl/page/803 Physics]. Worth Publishers, Inc. January 1976. hlm. [https://archive.org/details/physics00tipl/page/803 803]. ISBN 978-0-87901-041-6.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Kadang-kadang analogi dengan &quot;[[tekanan]]&quot; air digunakan untuk menggambarkan gaya gerak listrik.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Irving Langmuir. [https://books.google.com/books?id=OW0SAAAAYAAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA172&amp;amp;dq=%22electromotive+force+is+that%22&amp;amp;q=%22electromotive%20force%20is%20that%22 The Relation Between Contact Potentials and Electrochemical Action]. &#039;&#039;Transactions of the American Electrochemical Society&#039;&#039;. The Society. 1916. Vol. 29. hlm. 175.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; (Kata &quot;gaya&quot; dalam hal ini tidak dalam konteks [[Gaya (fisika)|gaya]] interaksi antar badan, seperti yang dapat diukur dalam [[Pon (gaya)|pon]] atau [[newton]].)&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam [[induksi elektromagnetik]], ggl dapat didefinisikan di sekitar loop tertutup [[Konduktor listrik|konduktor]] sebagai [[Usaha (fisika)|usaha]] elektromagnetik yang dilakukan pada [[muatan listrik]] ([[elektron]] dalam hal ini) jika bergerak sekali mengelilingi loop.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;David M. Cook. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bI-ZmZWeyhkC&amp;amp;pg=PA157 The Theory of the Electromagnetic Field]. Courier Dover. 2003. hlm. 157. ISBN 978-0-486-42567-2.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Untuk [[fluks magnetik]] yang bervariasi seiring waktu yang menghubungkan suatu loop, medan skalar potensial listrik tidak didefinisikan karena medan vektor listrik yang bersirkulasi, tetapi ggl tetap bekerja yang dapat diukur sebagai potensial listrik virtual di sekitar loop.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lawrence M Lerner. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv5GAyAdijoC&amp;amp;pg=PA727 Physics for scientists and engineers]. Jones &amp;amp; Bartlett Publishers. 1997. hlm. 724–727. ISBN 978-0-7637-0460-5.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam kasus perangkat dengan dua terminal (seperti [[sel elektrokimia]]) yang dimodelkan sebagai [[Teorema Thévenin|rangkaian ekivalen Thévenin]], ggl ekuivalen dapat diukur sebagai beda potensial sirkuit terbuka atau &amp;quot;voltase&amp;quot; antara kedua terminal. Perbedaan potensial ini dapat menggerakkan [[arus listrik]] jika sirkuit eksternal terpasang ke terminal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam kasus perangkat dengan dua terminal (seperti [[sel elektrokimia]]) yang dimodelkan sebagai [[Teorema Thévenin|rangkaian ekivalen Thévenin]], ggl ekuivalen dapat diukur sebagai beda potensial sirkuit terbuka atau &amp;quot;voltase&amp;quot; antara kedua terminal. Perbedaan potensial ini dapat menggerakkan [[arus listrik]] jika sirkuit eksternal terpasang ke terminal.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Ikhtisar ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Ikhtisar ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Perangkat yang dapat menyediakan ggl mencakup [[sel elektrokimia]], [[efek termoelektrik|perangkat termoelektrik]], [[sel surya]], [[fotodioda]], [[generator listrik]], [[transformator]], dan bahkan [[generator Van de Graaff]]. Di alam, ggl dihasilkan setiap kali fluktuasi medan magnet terjadi melalui suatu permukaan. Pergeseran [[medan magnetik bumi]] selama [[badai geomagnetik]] menginduksi arus dalam jaringan listrik ketika garis-garis medan magnet bergeser dan memotong konduktor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Perangkat yang dapat menyediakan ggl mencakup [[sel elektrokimia]], [[efek termoelektrik|perangkat termoelektrik]], [[sel surya]], [[fotodioda]], [[generator listrik]], [[transformator]], dan bahkan [[generator Van de Graaff]].&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Lawrence M Lerner. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv5GAyAdijoC&amp;amp;pg=PA727 Physics for scientists and engineers]. Jones &amp;amp; Bartlett Publishers. 1997. hlm. 724–727. ISBN 978-0-7637-0460-5.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Paul A. Tipler. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BMVR37-8Jh0C&amp;amp;pg=PA850 Physics for Scientists and Engineers]. Macmillan. 2007. hlm. 850. ISBN 978-1-4292-0124-7.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Di alam, ggl dihasilkan setiap kali fluktuasi medan magnet terjadi melalui suatu permukaan. Pergeseran [[medan magnetik bumi]] selama [[badai geomagnetik]] menginduksi arus dalam jaringan listrik ketika garis-garis medan magnet bergeser dan memotong konduktor.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam kasus baterai, pemisahan muatan yang menimbulkan perbedaan tegangan antara terminal dilakukan dengan [[reaksi kimia]] pada [[elektrode]] yang mengubah [[energi potensial]] kimia menjadi energi potensial elektromagnetik. Sel volta dapat dianggap memiliki &quot;pompa muatan&quot; berukuran atom pada setiap elektrode, yaitu:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam kasus baterai, pemisahan muatan yang menimbulkan perbedaan tegangan antara terminal dilakukan dengan [[reaksi kimia]] pada [[elektrode]] yang mengubah [[energi potensial]] kimia menjadi energi potensial elektromagnetik.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Alvin M. Halpern. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vN2chIay624C&amp;amp;pg=PA138 Schaum&#039;s outline of theory and problems of beginning physics II]. McGraw-Hill Professional. 1998. hlm. 138. ISBN 978-0-07-025707-8.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Robert L. Lehrman. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wMhCxOsPNE8C&amp;amp;pg=PA274&amp;amp;dq=emf++separated+charge+reaction+potential Physics the easy way]. Barron&#039;s Educational Series. 1998. hlm. 274. ISBN 978-0-7641-0236-3.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Sel volta dapat dianggap memiliki &quot;pompa muatan&quot; berukuran atom pada setiap elektrode, yaitu:&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Singh. [https://books.google.com/books?id=oS_vSI-3yuwC Basic Physics]. Prentice Hall India. 2009. hlm. 152. ISBN 978-81-203-3708-4.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;Sebuah sumber ggl dapat dianggap sebagai sejenis &amp;#039;&amp;#039;pompa muatan&amp;#039;&amp;#039; yang bertindak untuk memindahkan muatan positif dari titik potensial rendah melalui interiornya ke titik potensial tinggi. … Dengan cara kimia, mekanis atau lainnya, sumber ggl melakukan usaha &amp;#039;&amp;#039;dW&amp;#039;&amp;#039; pada muatan itu untuk memindahkannya ke terminal potensial tinggi. Ggl &amp;#039;&amp;#039;ℰ&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dari sumber didefinisikan sebagai usaha yang dilakukan per muatan &amp;#039;&amp;#039;dq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: .&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;Sebuah sumber ggl dapat dianggap sebagai sejenis &amp;#039;&amp;#039;pompa muatan&amp;#039;&amp;#039; yang bertindak untuk memindahkan muatan positif dari titik potensial rendah melalui interiornya ke titik potensial tinggi. … Dengan cara kimia, mekanis atau lainnya, sumber ggl melakukan usaha &amp;#039;&amp;#039;dW&amp;#039;&amp;#039; pada muatan itu untuk memindahkannya ke terminal potensial tinggi. Ggl &amp;#039;&amp;#039;ℰ&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dari sumber didefinisikan sebagai usaha yang dilakukan per muatan &amp;#039;&amp;#039;dq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: .&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam kasus generator listrik, medan magnet yang berubah-ubah seiring waktu di dalam generator menciptakan [[medan listrik]] melalui [[induksi elektromagnetik]], yang pada gilirannya menciptakan perbedaan tegangan antara terminal generator. Pemisahan muatan terjadi di dalam generator, dengan elektron mengalir menjauh dari satu terminal dan menuju yang lain, sampai, dalam kasus sirkuit terbuka, medan listrik yang cukup menumpuk untuk membuat pemisahan muatan lebih lanjut menjadi tidak mungkin. Sekali lagi, ggl diimbangi oleh [[tegangan listrik]] karena pemisahan muatan. Jika beban terpasang, tegangan ini dapat menggerakkan arus. Prinsip umum yang mengatur ggl dalam mesin listrik tersebut adalah [[hukum induksi Faraday]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam kasus generator listrik, medan magnet yang berubah-ubah seiring waktu di dalam generator menciptakan [[medan listrik]] melalui [[induksi elektromagnetik]], yang pada gilirannya menciptakan perbedaan tegangan antara terminal generator. Pemisahan muatan terjadi di dalam generator, dengan elektron mengalir menjauh dari satu terminal dan menuju yang lain, sampai, dalam kasus sirkuit terbuka, medan listrik yang cukup menumpuk untuk membuat pemisahan muatan lebih lanjut menjadi tidak mungkin. Sekali lagi, ggl diimbangi oleh [[tegangan listrik]] karena pemisahan muatan. Jika beban terpasang, tegangan ini dapat menggerakkan arus. Prinsip umum yang mengatur ggl dalam mesin listrik tersebut adalah [[hukum induksi Faraday]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Referensi ==&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l23&quot;&gt;Baris 23:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 22:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* John Livingston Rutgers Morgan, &amp;quot;The Elements of Physical Chemistry&amp;quot;, [https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC10759094&amp;amp;id=ovjORAvJZZkC&amp;amp;pg=PA235&amp;amp;dq= Electromotive force]. J. Wiley, 1899.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* John Livingston Rutgers Morgan, &amp;quot;The Elements of Physical Chemistry&amp;quot;, [https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC10759094&amp;amp;id=ovjORAvJZZkC&amp;amp;pg=PA235&amp;amp;dq= Electromotive force]. J. Wiley, 1899.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;quot;Abhandlungen zur Thermodynamik, von H. Helmholtz. Hrsg. von Max Planck&amp;quot;. (Tr. &amp;quot;Papers to thermodynamics, on H. Helmholtz. Hrsg. by Max Planck&amp;quot;.) Leipzig, W. Engelmann, Of Ostwald classical author of the accurate sciences series. New consequence. No. 124, 1902.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;quot;Abhandlungen zur Thermodynamik, von H. Helmholtz. Hrsg. von Max Planck&amp;quot;. (Tr. &amp;quot;Papers to thermodynamics, on H. Helmholtz. Hrsg. by Max Planck&amp;quot;.) Leipzig, W. Engelmann, Of Ostwald classical author of the accurate sciences series. New consequence. No. 124, 1902.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Theodore William Richards and Gustavus Edward Behr, jr., &quot;The electromotive force of iron under varying conditions, and the effect of occluded hydrogen&quot;. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication series, 1906.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Theodore William Richards and Gustavus Edward Behr, jr., &quot;The electromotive force of iron under varying conditions, and the effect of occluded hydrogen&quot;. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication series, 1906.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Henry S. Carhart, &quot;Thermo-electromotive force in electric cells, the thermo-electromotive force between a metal and a solution of one of its salts&quot;. New York, D. Van Nostrand company, 1920.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Henry S. Carhart, &quot;Thermo-electromotive force in electric cells, the thermo-electromotive force between a metal and a solution of one of its salts&quot;. New York, D. Van Nostrand company, 1920.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [[Hazel Rossotti]], &quot;Chemical applications of potentiometry&quot;. London, Princeton, N.J., Van Nostrand, 1969.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [[Hazel Rossotti]], &quot;Chemical applications of potentiometry&quot;. London, Princeton, N.J., Van Nostrand, 1969. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Nabendu S. Choudhury, 1973. [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730015362.pdf &amp;quot;Electromotive force measurements on cells involving beta-alumina solid electrolyte&amp;quot;] . NASA technical note, D-7322.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Nabendu S. Choudhury, 1973. [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730015362.pdf &amp;quot;Electromotive force measurements on cells involving beta-alumina solid electrolyte&amp;quot;] . NASA technical note, D-7322.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* G. W. Burns, et al., &amp;quot;Temperature-electromotive force reference functions and tables for the letter-designated thermocouple types based on the ITS-90&amp;quot;. Gaithersburg, MD : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Washington, Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1993.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* G. W. Burns, et al., &amp;quot;Temperature-electromotive force reference functions and tables for the letter-designated thermocouple types based on the ITS-90&amp;quot;. Gaithersburg, MD : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Washington, Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1993.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Referensi ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Sumber dan atribusi ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sumber &lt;/del&gt;dan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;atribusi ==&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Gaya+gerak+listrik&amp;amp;oldid&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;25567876 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 25567876 (2024-04-14T06:35:23Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Gambar pada artikel ini bersumber dari Wikimedia Commons &lt;/ins&gt;dan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mengikuti ketentuan lisensi masing-masing berkas. Mohon gunakan konten dan media secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaya+gerak+listrik&amp;amp;oldid=25567876 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 25567876 (2024&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;04&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;14T06:35:23Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;BerbagiSerupa (CC BY&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!&lt;/ins&gt;-- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;WIKI_UNISSULA_PRESENTATION_V4 &lt;/ins&gt;--&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Gaya_gerak_listrik&amp;diff=12694&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 25567876; atribusi sumber disertakan.</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Gaya_gerak_listrik&amp;diff=12694&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-08-26T03:32:23Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 25567876; atribusi sumber disertakan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Halaman baru&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Gaya gerak listrik&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, disingkat &amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;ggl&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ( (&amp;#039;&amp;#039;emf&amp;#039;&amp;#039;), dilambangkan &amp;lt;math&amp;gt;\mathcal{E}&amp;lt;/math&amp;gt; dan diukur dalam [[volt]]), adalah aksi listrik yang dihasilkan oleh sumber non-listrik. Perangkat yang mengubah bentuk energi lain menjadi energi listrik (&amp;quot;[[transduser]]&amp;quot;), seperti [[Baterai listrik|baterai]] (mengubah [[energi kimia]]) atau [[Generator listrik|generator]] (mengubah [[energi mekanik]]), menghasilkan ggl sebagai keluarannya. Kadang-kadang analogi dengan &amp;quot;[[tekanan]]&amp;quot; air digunakan untuk menggambarkan gaya gerak listrik. (Kata &amp;quot;gaya&amp;quot; dalam hal ini tidak dalam konteks [[Gaya (fisika)|gaya]] interaksi antar badan, seperti yang dapat diukur dalam [[Pon (gaya)|pon]] atau [[newton]].)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam [[induksi elektromagnetik]], ggl dapat didefinisikan di sekitar loop tertutup [[Konduktor listrik|konduktor]] sebagai [[Usaha (fisika)|usaha]] elektromagnetik yang dilakukan pada [[muatan listrik]] ([[elektron]] dalam hal ini) jika bergerak sekali mengelilingi loop. Untuk [[fluks magnetik]] yang bervariasi seiring waktu yang menghubungkan suatu loop, medan skalar potensial listrik tidak didefinisikan karena medan vektor listrik yang bersirkulasi, tetapi ggl tetap bekerja yang dapat diukur sebagai potensial listrik virtual di sekitar loop.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam kasus perangkat dengan dua terminal (seperti [[sel elektrokimia]]) yang dimodelkan sebagai [[Teorema Thévenin|rangkaian ekivalen Thévenin]], ggl ekuivalen dapat diukur sebagai beda potensial sirkuit terbuka atau &amp;quot;voltase&amp;quot; antara kedua terminal. Perbedaan potensial ini dapat menggerakkan [[arus listrik]] jika sirkuit eksternal terpasang ke terminal.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Ikhtisar ==&lt;br /&gt;
Perangkat yang dapat menyediakan ggl mencakup [[sel elektrokimia]], [[efek termoelektrik|perangkat termoelektrik]], [[sel surya]], [[fotodioda]], [[generator listrik]], [[transformator]], dan bahkan [[generator Van de Graaff]]. Di alam, ggl dihasilkan setiap kali fluktuasi medan magnet terjadi melalui suatu permukaan. Pergeseran [[medan magnetik bumi]] selama [[badai geomagnetik]] menginduksi arus dalam jaringan listrik ketika garis-garis medan magnet bergeser dan memotong konduktor.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam kasus baterai, pemisahan muatan yang menimbulkan perbedaan tegangan antara terminal dilakukan dengan [[reaksi kimia]] pada [[elektrode]] yang mengubah [[energi potensial]] kimia menjadi energi potensial elektromagnetik. Sel volta dapat dianggap memiliki &amp;quot;pompa muatan&amp;quot; berukuran atom pada setiap elektrode, yaitu:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;blockquote&amp;gt;Sebuah sumber ggl dapat dianggap sebagai sejenis &amp;#039;&amp;#039;pompa muatan&amp;#039;&amp;#039; yang bertindak untuk memindahkan muatan positif dari titik potensial rendah melalui interiornya ke titik potensial tinggi. … Dengan cara kimia, mekanis atau lainnya, sumber ggl melakukan usaha &amp;#039;&amp;#039;dW&amp;#039;&amp;#039; pada muatan itu untuk memindahkannya ke terminal potensial tinggi. Ggl &amp;#039;&amp;#039;ℰ&amp;#039;&amp;#039; dari sumber didefinisikan sebagai usaha yang dilakukan per muatan &amp;#039;&amp;#039;dq&amp;#039;&amp;#039;: .&amp;lt;/blockquote&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam kasus generator listrik, medan magnet yang berubah-ubah seiring waktu di dalam generator menciptakan [[medan listrik]] melalui [[induksi elektromagnetik]], yang pada gilirannya menciptakan perbedaan tegangan antara terminal generator. Pemisahan muatan terjadi di dalam generator, dengan elektron mengalir menjauh dari satu terminal dan menuju yang lain, sampai, dalam kasus sirkuit terbuka, medan listrik yang cukup menumpuk untuk membuat pemisahan muatan lebih lanjut menjadi tidak mungkin. Sekali lagi, ggl diimbangi oleh [[tegangan listrik]] karena pemisahan muatan. Jika beban terpasang, tegangan ini dapat menggerakkan arus. Prinsip umum yang mengatur ggl dalam mesin listrik tersebut adalah [[hukum induksi Faraday]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Referensi ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Bacaan lebih lanjut ==&lt;br /&gt;
* George F. Barker, &amp;quot;[https://books.google.com/books?vid=0uowlltB5bCx84xQrO&amp;amp;id=zXAQ97d7YiIC&amp;amp;pg=PA649&amp;amp;lpg=PA650 On the measurement of electromotive force]&amp;quot;. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting Useful Knowledge, American Philosophical Society. January 19, 1883.&lt;br /&gt;
* Andrew Gray, &amp;quot;Absolute Measurements in Electricity and Magnetism&amp;quot;, [https://books.google.com/books?vid=0pkd5YYtaGRtjR6Oes&amp;amp;id=WxeFSg38JLQC&amp;amp;pg=PA41&amp;amp;dq= Electromotive force]. Macmillan and co., 1884.&lt;br /&gt;
* Charles Albert Perkins, &amp;quot;Outlines of Electricity and Magnetism&amp;quot;, [https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02316583&amp;amp;id=jd1vvFcD-MAC&amp;amp;pg=PA158&amp;amp;vq=&amp;amp;dq= Measurement of Electromotive Force]. Henry Holt and co., 1896.&lt;br /&gt;
* John Livingston Rutgers Morgan, &amp;quot;The Elements of Physical Chemistry&amp;quot;, [https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC10759094&amp;amp;id=ovjORAvJZZkC&amp;amp;pg=PA235&amp;amp;dq= Electromotive force]. J. Wiley, 1899.&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;quot;Abhandlungen zur Thermodynamik, von H. Helmholtz. Hrsg. von Max Planck&amp;quot;. (Tr. &amp;quot;Papers to thermodynamics, on H. Helmholtz. Hrsg. by Max Planck&amp;quot;.) Leipzig, W. Engelmann, Of Ostwald classical author of the accurate sciences series. New consequence. No. 124, 1902.&lt;br /&gt;
* Theodore William Richards and Gustavus Edward Behr, jr., &amp;quot;The electromotive force of iron under varying conditions, and the effect of occluded hydrogen&amp;quot;. Carnegie Institution of Washington publication series, 1906.&lt;br /&gt;
* Henry S. Carhart, &amp;quot;Thermo-electromotive force in electric cells, the thermo-electromotive force between a metal and a solution of one of its salts&amp;quot;. New York, D. Van Nostrand company, 1920.&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Hazel Rossotti]], &amp;quot;Chemical applications of potentiometry&amp;quot;. London, Princeton, N.J., Van Nostrand, 1969.&lt;br /&gt;
* Nabendu S. Choudhury, 1973. [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730015362.pdf &amp;quot;Electromotive force measurements on cells involving beta-alumina solid electrolyte&amp;quot;] . NASA technical note, D-7322.&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
* G. W. Burns, et al., &amp;quot;Temperature-electromotive force reference functions and tables for the letter-designated thermocouple types based on the ITS-90&amp;quot;. Gaithersburg, MD : U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Washington, Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1993.&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
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== Sumber dan atribusi ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaya+gerak+listrik&amp;amp;oldid=25567876 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 25567876 (2024-04-14T06:35:23Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>