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	<id>https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Hilary_Putnam</id>
	<title>Hilary Putnam - Riwayat revisi</title>
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	<updated>2026-09-16T13:18:38Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Riwayat revisi halaman ini di wiki</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.46.0</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Hilary_Putnam&amp;diff=37175&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Pembersihan konten sesuai kebijakan Wiki Unissula</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Hilary_Putnam&amp;diff=37175&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-09-09T06:31:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Pembersihan konten sesuai kebijakan Wiki Unissula&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw-interface=&quot;&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisi sebelumnya&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisi per 9 September 2026 06.31&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l5&quot;&gt;Baris 5:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 5:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam bidang filsafat budi, Putnam dikenal akan argumennya yang menentang [[fisikalisme jenis]] berdasarkan hipotesis [[realisabilitas ganda]]nya, dan dukungannya terhadap [[fungsionalisme (filsafat budi)|fungsionalisme]], teori yang terkait dengan [[masalah budi-tubuh]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Casati R., &amp;quot;Hillary Putnam&amp;quot; in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Enciclopedia Garzanti della Filosofia&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ed. Gianni Vattimo. 2004. Garzanti Editori. Milan. ISBN 88-11-50515-1&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;LeDoux, J. [https://archive.org/details/synapticselfhowo00ledo The Synaptic Self; How Our Brains Become Who We Are]. Viking Penguin. 2002. ISBN 88-7078-795-8.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dalam filsafat bahasa, bersama dengan [[Saul Kripke]] dan yang lainnya, ia mengembangkan [[teori acuan sebab-akibat]], dan merumuskan teori asal-usul makna dengan mencetuskan gagasan [[eksternalisme semantik]] berdasarkan [[percobaan pikiran]] terkenal yang disebut [[percobaan pikiran Bumi Kembar|Bumi Kembar]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;P. Clark-B. Hale (eds.), &amp;quot;Reading Putnam&amp;quot;, Blackwell, Cambridge (Massachusetts)-Oxford 1995.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam bidang filsafat budi, Putnam dikenal akan argumennya yang menentang [[fisikalisme jenis]] berdasarkan hipotesis [[realisabilitas ganda]]nya, dan dukungannya terhadap [[fungsionalisme (filsafat budi)|fungsionalisme]], teori yang terkait dengan [[masalah budi-tubuh]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Casati R., &amp;quot;Hillary Putnam&amp;quot; in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Enciclopedia Garzanti della Filosofia&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ed. Gianni Vattimo. 2004. Garzanti Editori. Milan. ISBN 88-11-50515-1&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;LeDoux, J. [https://archive.org/details/synapticselfhowo00ledo The Synaptic Self; How Our Brains Become Who We Are]. Viking Penguin. 2002. ISBN 88-7078-795-8.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dalam filsafat bahasa, bersama dengan [[Saul Kripke]] dan yang lainnya, ia mengembangkan [[teori acuan sebab-akibat]], dan merumuskan teori asal-usul makna dengan mencetuskan gagasan [[eksternalisme semantik]] berdasarkan [[percobaan pikiran]] terkenal yang disebut [[percobaan pikiran Bumi Kembar|Bumi Kembar]].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;P. Clark-B. Hale (eds.), &amp;quot;Reading Putnam&amp;quot;, Blackwell, Cambridge (Massachusetts)-Oxford 1995.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ia dan gurunya [[Willard Van Orman Quine|W. V. Quine]] mengembangkan &quot;[[tesis indispensibilitas Quine-Putnam]]&quot;, yang dalam filsafat matematika merupakan argumen yang mendukung realitas entitas matematis.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Colyvan, Mark, [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2004/entries/mathphil-indis/ &quot;Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics&quot;], The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2004 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ia juga mendukung pandangan bahwa matematika tidak sekadar logis, tetapi juga &quot;[[semi-empiris]]&quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Putnam, H. &#039;&#039;Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings&#039;&#039;. Disunting bersama dengan Paul Benacerraf. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964. 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dalam bidang [[epistemologi]], ia dikenal akan percobaan pikiran &quot;[[otak di dalam tong]]&quot;, yang tampak mendukung [[skeptisisme|skeptisisme epistemologis]], tetapi Putnam menentang kejelasan gagasan tersebut.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Putnam, H. (1981): [http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/ph29a/putnam.html &quot;Brains in a vat&quot;] in &#039;&#039;Reason, Truth, and History&#039;&#039;, Cambridge University Press; reprinted in DeRose and Warfield, editors (1999): &#039;&#039;Skepticism: A Contemporary Reader&#039;&#039;, Oxford UP.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ia juga menyumbang dalam bidang [[metafisika]] dengan menyokong gagasan [[realisme filosofis|realisme metafisis]], tetapi nantinya mengkritik gagasan tersebut dengan menganut gagasan &quot;realisme internal&quot;,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Putnam, H. &#039;&#039;Realism with a Human Face&#039;&#039;. Disunting oleh James Conant. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; yang kemudian ditolak olehnya dan diganti oleh [[realisme langsung]] yang terilhami dari [[pragmatisme]]. &quot;Realisme langsung&quot; Putnam mencoba mengembalikan bidang metafisika ke dalam ranah pengalaman yang dialami orang, dan menentang gagasan representasi budi, [[data indra]], atau perantara lain antara budi dan dunia.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Putnam, H.. &#039;&#039;The Threefold Cord: Mind, Body, and World&#039;&#039;. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Selain itu, Putnam tertarik dengan pragmatisme Amerika, [[filsafat Yahudi]], dan [[etika]], sehingga ia terlibat dalam berbagai macam tradisi filsafat. Ia juga tertarik dengan [[metafilsafat]].&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Di luar ilmu filsafat, Putnam telah menyumbang untuk bidang [[matematika]] dan [[ilmu komputer]]. Bersama dengan [[Martin Davis]], ia mengembangkan [[algoritme Davis-Putnam]] untuk menyelesaikan [[masalah keterpuasan Boolean]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Davis, M. and Putnam, H. &amp;quot;A computing procedure for quantification theory&amp;quot; in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal of the ACM&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 7:201–215, 1960.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; dan ia membantu menunjukkan bahwa [[masalah kesepuluh Hilbert]] tak dapat diselesaikan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Matiyesavic, Yuri. [https://archive.org/details/hilbertstenthpro0000mati Hilbert&amp;#039;s Tenth Problem]. MIT. 1993. ISBN 0-262-13295-8.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ia juga pernah menjadi tokoh politik yang kontroversial karena terlibat dengan [[Partai Buruh Progresif (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Buruh Progresif]] pada akhir tahun 1960-an dan awal tahun 1970-an.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;To appear in the &amp;quot;American Philosophers&amp;quot; edition of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Literary Biography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ed. Bruccoli, Layman and Clarke&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Foley, M. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Confronting the War Machine&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. North Carolina Press. 1983. ISBN 0-8078-2767-3.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Di luar ilmu filsafat, Putnam telah menyumbang untuk bidang [[matematika]] dan [[ilmu komputer]]. Bersama dengan [[Martin Davis]], ia mengembangkan [[algoritme Davis-Putnam]] untuk menyelesaikan [[masalah keterpuasan Boolean]],&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Davis, M. and Putnam, H. &amp;quot;A computing procedure for quantification theory&amp;quot; in &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Journal of the ACM&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 7:201–215, 1960.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; dan ia membantu menunjukkan bahwa [[masalah kesepuluh Hilbert]] tak dapat diselesaikan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Matiyesavic, Yuri. [https://archive.org/details/hilbertstenthpro0000mati Hilbert&amp;#039;s Tenth Problem]. MIT. 1993. ISBN 0-262-13295-8.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ia juga pernah menjadi tokoh politik yang kontroversial karena terlibat dengan [[Partai Buruh Progresif (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Buruh Progresif]] pada akhir tahun 1960-an dan awal tahun 1970-an.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;To appear in the &amp;quot;American Philosophers&amp;quot; edition of &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Literary Biography&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, ed. Bruccoli, Layman and Clarke&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Foley, M. &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Confronting the War Machine&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. North Carolina Press. 1983. ISBN 0-8078-2767-3.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Hilary_Putnam&amp;diff=12161&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Hilary_Putnam&amp;diff=12161&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-08-25T22:58:27Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw-interface=&quot;&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisi sebelumnya&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisi per 25 Agustus 2026 22.58&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Baris 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Hilary Whitehall Putnam&#039;&#039;&#039; (lahir 31 Juli 1926) adalah seorang filsuf, matematikawan, dan ilmuwan komputer &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Amerika Serikat]] yang menjadi tokoh penting dalam bidang [[filsafat analitis]] semenjak tahun 1960-an, terutama dalam bidang [[filsafat budi]], [[filsafat bahasa&lt;/del&gt;|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bahasa]], [[filsafat matematika&lt;/del&gt;|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;matematika]], dan [[filsafat sains&lt;/del&gt;|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sains]]. Ia dikenal karena kemauannya untuk memeriksa argumennya sama seperti argumen orang lain, dan menganalisisnya sampai menemukan kesalahannya. Akibatnya, ia sering mengubah posisinya dalam suatu perdebatan. &lt;/del&gt;Putnam &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;saat ini menjabat sebagai Professor Emeritus Universitas Cogan di [[Universitas Harvard&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;File:Hilary_Putnam.jpg|thumb&lt;/ins&gt;|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;right&lt;/ins&gt;|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;280px&lt;/ins&gt;|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Hilary &lt;/ins&gt;Putnam]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dalam bidang filsafat budi&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Putnam dikenal akan argumennya yang menentang &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fisikalisme jenis&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;berdasarkan hipotesis &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;realisabilitas ganda&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nya&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dan dukungannya terhadap &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fungsionalisme (&lt;/del&gt;filsafat budi&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;)|fungsionalisme&lt;/del&gt;]], &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;teori yang terkait dengan &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;masalah budi-tubuh]]. Dalam &lt;/del&gt;filsafat bahasa&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, bersama dengan [[Saul Kripke&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dan yang lainnya&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ia mengembangkan &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;teori acuan sebab-akibat&lt;/del&gt;]], dan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;merumuskan teori asal-usul makna dengan mencetuskan gagasan &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;eksternalisme semantik&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;berdasarkan &lt;/del&gt;[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[percobaan pikiran&lt;/del&gt;]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;] terkenal yang disebut &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;percobaan pikiran Bumi Kembar|Bumi Kembar&lt;/del&gt;]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Hilary Whitehall Putnam&#039;&#039;&#039; (lahir 31 Juli 1926) adalah seorang filsuf, matematikawan&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dan ilmuwan komputer &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Amerika Serikat&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;yang menjadi tokoh penting dalam bidang &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;filsafat analitis&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;semenjak tahun 1960-an&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;terutama dalam bidang &lt;/ins&gt;[[filsafat budi]], [[filsafat bahasa&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;|bahasa&lt;/ins&gt;]], [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;filsafat matematika|matematika&lt;/ins&gt;]], dan [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;filsafat sains|sains&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Casati R., &quot;Hillary Putnam&quot; in &#039;&#039;Enciclopedia Garzanti della Filosofia&#039;&#039;, ed. Gianni Vattimo. 2004. Garzanti Editori. Milan. ISBN 88-11-50515-1&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ia dikenal karena kemauannya untuk memeriksa argumennya sama seperti argumen orang lain, dan menganalisisnya sampai menemukan kesalahannya.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;King, P.J. &#039;&#039;One Hundred Philosophers: The Life and Work of the World&#039;s Greatest Thinkers&#039;&#039;. Barron&#039;s 2004, hal. 170.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Akibatnya, ia sering mengubah posisinya dalam suatu perdebatan.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Jack Ritchie. &lt;/ins&gt;[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;http://www.philosophers.co.uk/cafe/phil_jun2002.htm TPM:Philosopher of the Month&lt;/ins&gt;]&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;. 2002.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Putnam saat ini menjabat sebagai Professor Emeritus Universitas Cogan di &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Universitas Harvard&lt;/ins&gt;]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ia dan gurunya [[Willard Van Orman Quine|W. V. Quine]] mengembangkan &quot;[[tesis indispensibilitas Quine-Putnam]]&quot;, yang dalam filsafat matematika merupakan argumen yang mendukung realitas entitas matematis. Ia juga mendukung pandangan bahwa matematika tidak sekadar logis, tetapi juga &quot;[[semi-empiris]]&quot;. &lt;/del&gt;Dalam bidang &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[epistemologi]]&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ia &lt;/del&gt;dikenal akan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;percobaan pikiran &quot;&lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;otak di dalam tong&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&quot;, yang tampak mendukung &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;skeptisisme|skeptisisme epistemologis&lt;/del&gt;]], &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tetapi Putnam menentang kejelasan gagasan tersebut. Ia juga menyumbang dalam bidang &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;metafisika&lt;/del&gt;]] dengan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;menyokong gagasan &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;realisme filosofis|realisme metafisis&lt;/del&gt;]], &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tetapi nantinya mengkritik gagasan tersebut dengan menganut gagasan &lt;/del&gt;&quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;realisme internal&lt;/del&gt;&quot;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;yang kemudian ditolak olehnya dan diganti oleh &lt;/del&gt;[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[realisme langsung&lt;/del&gt;]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;] yang terilhami dari &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pragmatisme&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;. &quot;Realisme langsung&quot; Putnam mencoba mengembalikan bidang metafisika ke dalam ranah pengalaman &lt;/del&gt;yang &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dialami orang, dan menentang gagasan representasi budi&lt;/del&gt;, [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;data indra&lt;/del&gt;]], &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;atau perantara lain antara budi &lt;/del&gt;dan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dunia. Selain itu, Putnam tertarik &lt;/del&gt;dengan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pragmatisme Amerika, &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;filsafat Yahudi&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, dan &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;etika&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, sehingga ia terlibat dalam berbagai macam tradisi filsafat. Ia juga tertarik dengan &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;metafilsafat&lt;/del&gt;]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Dalam bidang &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;filsafat budi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Putnam &lt;/ins&gt;dikenal akan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;argumennya yang menentang &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fisikalisme jenis&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;berdasarkan hipotesis &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;realisabilitas ganda&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nya&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dan dukungannya terhadap &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fungsionalisme (filsafat budi)|fungsionalisme&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, teori yang terkait &lt;/ins&gt;dengan [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;masalah budi-tubuh&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Casati R.&lt;/ins&gt;, &quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Hillary Putnam&lt;/ins&gt;&quot; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in &#039;&#039;Enciclopedia Garzanti della Filosofia&#039;&#039;&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ed. Gianni Vattimo. 2004. Garzanti Editori. Milan. ISBN 88-11-50515-1&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;LeDoux, J. &lt;/ins&gt;[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;https://archive.org/details/synapticselfhowo00ledo The Synaptic Self; How Our Brains Become Who We Are&lt;/ins&gt;]&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;. Viking Penguin. 2002. ISBN 88-7078-795-8.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dalam filsafat bahasa, bersama dengan &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Saul Kripke&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dan &lt;/ins&gt;yang &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lainnya&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ia mengembangkan &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;teori acuan sebab-akibat&lt;/ins&gt;]], dan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;merumuskan teori asal-usul makna &lt;/ins&gt;dengan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mencetuskan gagasan &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;eksternalisme semantik&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;berdasarkan &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;percobaan pikiran&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;terkenal yang disebut &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;percobaan pikiran Bumi Kembar|Bumi Kembar&lt;/ins&gt;]].&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;P. Clark-B. Hale (eds.), &quot;Reading Putnam&quot;, Blackwell, Cambridge (Massachusetts)-Oxford 1995.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Di luar ilmu filsafat, Putnam telah menyumbang untuk bidang [[matematika]] dan [[ilmu komputer]]. Bersama dengan [[Martin Davis]], ia mengembangkan [[algoritme Davis-Putnam]] untuk menyelesaikan [[masalah keterpuasan Boolean]], dan ia membantu menunjukkan bahwa [[masalah kesepuluh Hilbert]] tak dapat diselesaikan. Ia juga pernah menjadi tokoh politik yang kontroversial karena terlibat dengan [[Partai Buruh Progresif (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Buruh Progresif]] pada akhir tahun 1960-an dan awal tahun 1970-an.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ia dan gurunya [[Willard Van Orman Quine|W. V. Quine]] mengembangkan &quot;[[tesis indispensibilitas Quine-Putnam]]&quot;, yang dalam filsafat matematika merupakan argumen yang mendukung realitas entitas matematis.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Colyvan, Mark, [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2004/entries/mathphil-indis/ &quot;Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics&quot;], The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2004 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ia juga mendukung pandangan bahwa matematika tidak sekadar logis, tetapi juga &quot;[[semi-empiris]]&quot;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Putnam, H. &#039;&#039;Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings&#039;&#039;. Disunting bersama dengan Paul Benacerraf. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964. 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dalam bidang [[epistemologi]], ia dikenal akan percobaan pikiran &quot;[[otak di dalam tong]]&quot;, yang tampak mendukung [[skeptisisme|skeptisisme epistemologis]], tetapi Putnam menentang kejelasan gagasan tersebut.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Putnam, H. (1981): [http://www.cavehill.uwi.edu/bnccde/ph29a/putnam.html &quot;Brains in a vat&quot;] in &#039;&#039;Reason, Truth, and History&#039;&#039;, Cambridge University Press; reprinted in DeRose and Warfield, editors (1999): &#039;&#039;Skepticism: A Contemporary Reader&#039;&#039;, Oxford UP.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ia juga menyumbang dalam bidang [[metafisika]] dengan menyokong gagasan [[realisme filosofis|realisme metafisis]], tetapi nantinya mengkritik gagasan tersebut dengan menganut gagasan &quot;realisme internal&quot;,&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Putnam, H. &#039;&#039;Realism with a Human Face&#039;&#039;. Disunting oleh James Conant. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; yang kemudian ditolak olehnya dan diganti oleh [[realisme langsung]] yang terilhami dari [[pragmatisme]]. &quot;Realisme langsung&quot; Putnam mencoba mengembalikan bidang metafisika ke dalam ranah pengalaman yang dialami orang, dan menentang gagasan representasi budi, [[data indra]], atau perantara lain antara budi dan dunia.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Putnam, H.. &#039;&#039;The Threefold Cord: Mind, Body, and World&#039;&#039;. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Selain itu, Putnam tertarik dengan pragmatisme Amerika, [[filsafat Yahudi]], dan [[etika]], sehingga ia terlibat dalam berbagai macam tradisi filsafat. Ia juga tertarik dengan [[metafilsafat]].&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Di luar ilmu filsafat, Putnam telah menyumbang untuk bidang [[matematika]] dan [[ilmu komputer]]. Bersama dengan [[Martin Davis]], ia mengembangkan [[algoritme Davis-Putnam]] untuk menyelesaikan [[masalah keterpuasan Boolean]],&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Davis, M. and Putnam, H. &quot;A computing procedure for quantification theory&quot; in &#039;&#039;Journal of the ACM&#039;&#039;, 7:201–215, 1960.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;dan ia membantu menunjukkan bahwa [[masalah kesepuluh Hilbert]] tak dapat diselesaikan.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Matiyesavic, Yuri. [https://archive.org/details/hilbertstenthpro0000mati Hilbert&#039;s Tenth Problem]. MIT. 1993. ISBN 0-262-13295-8.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Ia juga pernah menjadi tokoh politik yang kontroversial karena terlibat dengan [[Partai Buruh Progresif (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Buruh Progresif]] pada akhir tahun 1960-an dan awal tahun 1970-an.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;To appear in the &quot;American Philosophers&quot; edition of &#039;&#039;Literary Biography&#039;&#039;, ed. Bruccoli, Layman and Clarke&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Foley, M. &#039;&#039;Confronting the War Machine&#039;&#039;. North Carolina Press. 1983. ISBN 0-8078-2767-3.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Karya utama ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Karya utama ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &#039;&#039;The &quot;[[Innateness hypothesis|Innateness Hypothesis]]&quot; and Explanatory Models in Linguistics&#039;&#039;, 1967.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.springerlink.com/content/w476u76126j58330/fulltext.pdf The &#039;innateness hypothesis&#039; and explanatory models in linguistics].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &#039;&#039;The &quot;[[Innateness hypothesis|Innateness Hypothesis]]&quot; and Explanatory Models in Linguistics&#039;&#039;, 1967.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Disunting bersama dengan Paul Benacerraf. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964. 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-521-29648-X&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Disunting bersama dengan Paul Benacerraf. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964. 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-521-29648-X&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophy of Logic&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. New York: Harper and Row, 1971. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1972. ISBN 0-04-160009-6&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophy of Logic&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. New York: Harper and Row, 1971. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1972. ISBN 0-04-160009-6&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l32&quot;&gt;Baris 32:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 33:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Jewish Philosophy as a Guide to Life: Rosenzweig, Buber, Levinas, Wittgenstein&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Jewish Philosophy as a Guide to Life: Rosenzweig, Buber, Levinas, Wittgenstein&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophy in an Age of Science&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. disunting oleh Mario De Caro and David Macarthur. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012. [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn= 9780674050136 Description.]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophy in an Age of Science&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. disunting oleh Mario De Caro and David Macarthur. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012. [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn= 9780674050136 Description.]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Catatan kaki ==&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Pranala luar ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Pranala luar ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~phildept/putnam.html Harvard University Philosophy Faculty page]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~phildept/putnam.html Harvard University Philosophy Faculty page]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://www.pragmatism.org/putnam/ An extensive bibliography]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://www.pragmatism.org/putnam/ An extensive bibliography]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://putnam.altervista.org/ An extensive directory]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://putnam.altervista.org/ An extensive directory]  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://www.lrb.co.uk/contributors/hilary-putnam &amp;#039;&amp;#039;London Review of Books&amp;#039;&amp;#039; contributor page]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://www.lrb.co.uk/contributors/hilary-putnam &amp;#039;&amp;#039;London Review of Books&amp;#039;&amp;#039; contributor page]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hrp/issues/1992/Putnam.pdf Hilary Putnam: On Mind, Meaning and Reality] , Interview by Josh Harlan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;[[The Harvard Review of Philosophy]]&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, spring 1992.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hrp/issues/1992/Putnam.pdf Hilary Putnam: On Mind, Meaning and Reality] , Interview by Josh Harlan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;[[The Harvard Review of Philosophy]]&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, spring 1992.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l55&quot;&gt;Baris 55:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 52:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://hardproblem.ru/events/interviewhilary-putnam &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Moscow Center for Consciousness Studies&amp;#039;&amp;#039; video interview with Hilary Putnam]  2010-04-21 (with transcript)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://hardproblem.ru/events/interviewhilary-putnam &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Moscow Center for Consciousness Studies&amp;#039;&amp;#039; video interview with Hilary Putnam]  2010-04-21 (with transcript)&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Referensi ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Sumber dan atribusi ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sumber &lt;/del&gt;dan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;atribusi ==&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Hilary+Putnam&amp;amp;oldid&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;28447680 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28447680 (2025-11-13T06:08:21Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Gambar pada artikel ini bersumber dari Wikimedia Commons &lt;/ins&gt;dan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mengikuti ketentuan lisensi masing-masing berkas. Mohon gunakan konten dan media secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilary+Putnam&amp;amp;oldid=28447680 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28447680 (2025&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;11&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;13T06:08:21Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;BerbagiSerupa (CC BY&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!&lt;/ins&gt;-- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;WIKI_UNISSULA_PRESENTATION_V4 &lt;/ins&gt;--&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Hilary_Putnam&amp;diff=11761&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 28447680; atribusi sumber disertakan.</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Hilary_Putnam&amp;diff=11761&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-08-25T22:20:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 28447680; atribusi sumber disertakan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Halaman baru&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Hilary Whitehall Putnam&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; (lahir 31 Juli 1926) adalah seorang filsuf, matematikawan, dan ilmuwan komputer [[Amerika Serikat]] yang menjadi tokoh penting dalam bidang [[filsafat analitis]] semenjak tahun 1960-an, terutama dalam bidang [[filsafat budi]], [[filsafat bahasa|bahasa]], [[filsafat matematika|matematika]], dan [[filsafat sains|sains]]. Ia dikenal karena kemauannya untuk memeriksa argumennya sama seperti argumen orang lain, dan menganalisisnya sampai menemukan kesalahannya. Akibatnya, ia sering mengubah posisinya dalam suatu perdebatan. Putnam saat ini menjabat sebagai Professor Emeritus Universitas Cogan di [[Universitas Harvard]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Dalam bidang filsafat budi, Putnam dikenal akan argumennya yang menentang [[fisikalisme jenis]] berdasarkan hipotesis [[realisabilitas ganda]]nya, dan dukungannya terhadap [[fungsionalisme (filsafat budi)|fungsionalisme]], teori yang terkait dengan [[masalah budi-tubuh]]. Dalam filsafat bahasa, bersama dengan [[Saul Kripke]] dan yang lainnya, ia mengembangkan [[teori acuan sebab-akibat]], dan merumuskan teori asal-usul makna dengan mencetuskan gagasan [[eksternalisme semantik]] berdasarkan [[percobaan pikiran]] terkenal yang disebut [[percobaan pikiran Bumi Kembar|Bumi Kembar]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Ia dan gurunya [[Willard Van Orman Quine|W. V. Quine]] mengembangkan &amp;quot;[[tesis indispensibilitas Quine-Putnam]]&amp;quot;, yang dalam filsafat matematika merupakan argumen yang mendukung realitas entitas matematis. Ia juga mendukung pandangan bahwa matematika tidak sekadar logis, tetapi juga &amp;quot;[[semi-empiris]]&amp;quot;. Dalam bidang [[epistemologi]], ia dikenal akan percobaan pikiran &amp;quot;[[otak di dalam tong]]&amp;quot;, yang tampak mendukung [[skeptisisme|skeptisisme epistemologis]], tetapi Putnam menentang kejelasan gagasan tersebut. Ia juga menyumbang dalam bidang [[metafisika]] dengan menyokong gagasan [[realisme filosofis|realisme metafisis]], tetapi nantinya mengkritik gagasan tersebut dengan menganut gagasan &amp;quot;realisme internal&amp;quot;, yang kemudian ditolak olehnya dan diganti oleh [[realisme langsung]] yang terilhami dari [[pragmatisme]]. &amp;quot;Realisme langsung&amp;quot; Putnam mencoba mengembalikan bidang metafisika ke dalam ranah pengalaman yang dialami orang, dan menentang gagasan representasi budi, [[data indra]], atau perantara lain antara budi dan dunia. Selain itu, Putnam tertarik dengan pragmatisme Amerika, [[filsafat Yahudi]], dan [[etika]], sehingga ia terlibat dalam berbagai macam tradisi filsafat. Ia juga tertarik dengan [[metafilsafat]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Di luar ilmu filsafat, Putnam telah menyumbang untuk bidang [[matematika]] dan [[ilmu komputer]]. Bersama dengan [[Martin Davis]], ia mengembangkan [[algoritme Davis-Putnam]] untuk menyelesaikan [[masalah keterpuasan Boolean]], dan ia membantu menunjukkan bahwa [[masalah kesepuluh Hilbert]] tak dapat diselesaikan. Ia juga pernah menjadi tokoh politik yang kontroversial karena terlibat dengan [[Partai Buruh Progresif (Amerika Serikat)|Partai Buruh Progresif]] pada akhir tahun 1960-an dan awal tahun 1970-an.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Karya utama ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The &amp;quot;[[Innateness hypothesis|Innateness Hypothesis]]&amp;quot; and Explanatory Models in Linguistics&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, 1967.&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophy of Mathematics: Selected Readings&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Disunting bersama dengan Paul Benacerraf. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1964. 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. ISBN 0-521-29648-X&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophy of Logic&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. New York: Harper and Row, 1971. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1972. ISBN 0-04-160009-6&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mathematics, Matter and Method. Philosophical Papers, vol. 1&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. 2nd. ed., 1985 paperback: ISBN 0-521-29550-5&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Mind, Language and Reality. Philosophical Papers, vol. 2&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. 2003 paperback: ISBN 0-521-29551-3&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Meaning and the Moral Sciences&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978.&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Reason, Truth, and History&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981. 2004 paperback: ISBN 0-521-29776-1&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Realism and Reason. Philosophical Papers, vol. 3.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. 2002 paperback: ISBN 0-521-31394-5&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Methodology, Epistemology, and Philosophy of Science: Essays in Honour of Wolfgang Stegmüller&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. disunting bersama dengan Wilhelm K. Essler and Carl G. Hempel. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1983.&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Epistemology, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science: Essays in Honour of Carl G. Hempel&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. disunting bersama dengan Wilhelm K. Essler and Wolfgang Stegmüller. Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1985.&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Many Faces of Realism&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. La Salle, Ill.: Open Court, 1987. ISBN 0-8126-9043-5&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Representation and Reality&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1988. ISBN 0-262-66074-1&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Realism with a Human Face&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. disunting oleh [[James F. Conant]]. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990. [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn= 9780674749450 Description.] ISBN 0-674-74945-6&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Renewing Philosophy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992. [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn= 9780674760943 Description.] ISBN 0-674-76094-8&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Pursuits of Reason: Essays in Honor of Stanley Cavell&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. disunting bersama dengan Ted Cohen and Paul Guyer. Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 1993. ISBN 0-89672-266-X&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Words and Life&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. disunting oleh James F. Conant. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994. [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn= 9780674956070 Description.] ISBN 0-674-95607-9&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Pragmatism: An Open Question&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995. ISBN 0-631-19343-X&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Threefold Cord: Mind, Body, and World&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-231-10287-9&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Enlightenment and Pragmatism&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Assen: Koninklijke Van Gorcum, 2001. 48pp.&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002. [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674013803 Description.] ISBN 0-674-01380-8&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Ethics Without Ontology&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002. [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn= 9780674018518 Description.] ISBN 0-674-01851-6&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Jewish Philosophy as a Guide to Life: Rosenzweig, Buber, Levinas, Wittgenstein&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.&lt;br /&gt;
* &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Philosophy in an Age of Science&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. disunting oleh Mario De Caro and David Macarthur. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2012. [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn= 9780674050136 Description.]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Catatan kaki ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Pranala luar ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~phildept/putnam.html Harvard University Philosophy Faculty page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.pragmatism.org/putnam/ An extensive bibliography]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://putnam.altervista.org/ An extensive directory]&lt;br /&gt;
*&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.lrb.co.uk/contributors/hilary-putnam &amp;#039;&amp;#039;London Review of Books&amp;#039;&amp;#039; contributor page]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hrp/issues/1992/Putnam.pdf Hilary Putnam: On Mind, Meaning and Reality] , Interview by Josh Harlan, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;[[The Harvard Review of Philosophy]]&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, spring 1992.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/~kerrlaws/Santayana/Bulletin/s1_96.htm Putnam, Hilary and Ruth Anna, &amp;quot;The Quarrel Between Poetry and Philosophy&amp;quot;] , read to the Santayana Society at its annual meeting in New York on December 28, 1995.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.hcs.harvard.edu/~hrp/issues/2000/Putnam.pdf &amp;quot;To Think with Integrity&amp;quot;] , Hilary Putnam&amp;#039;s Farewell Lecture, &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Harvard Review of Philosophy&amp;#039;&amp;#039;, Spring 2000.&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=6840 Putnam, &amp;quot;The Depths and Shallows of Experience&amp;quot;] , video lecture, [[UCSB]], September 1, 2003. Comments by [[Hubert Schwyzer]] and [[Bruno Latour]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.ucd.ie/news/mar07/030507_Putnam_Award.htm Putnam, &amp;quot;The Fact/Value Dichotomy and its critics&amp;quot;; Roundtable on Externalism] audio/video lecture, audio discussion, March 2007, [[University College Dublin]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://internalism.blip.tv/file/420305/ Hilary Putnam - Externalism: Its Motivation And Its Critics] , video of a lecture, delivered at Harvard University on October 4, 2007&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GlrEbffVVjM A short film about the Putnam-Rorty debate and its influence on the pragmatist revival]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://hardproblem.ru/events/interviewhilary-putnam &amp;#039;&amp;#039;The Moscow Center for Consciousness Studies&amp;#039;&amp;#039; video interview with Hilary Putnam]  2010-04-21 (with transcript)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sumber dan atribusi ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hilary+Putnam&amp;amp;oldid=28447680 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28447680 (2025-11-13T06:08:21Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
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