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	<title>Robert Marshak - Riwayat revisi</title>
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	<updated>2026-09-16T07:57:44Z</updated>
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		<title>Maintenance script: Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi</title>
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		<updated>2026-08-27T17:58:12Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisi sebelumnya&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisi per 27 Agustus 2026 17.58&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Baris 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[File:Robert_Marshak_with_radiosodium.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Robert Marshak with radiosodium]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Robert Eugene Marshak&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; () adalah seorang fisikawan [[Amerika Serikat]], pendidik, dan presiden kedelapan dari [[City College of New York]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Robert Eugene Marshak&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; () adalah seorang fisikawan [[Amerika Serikat]], pendidik, dan presiden kedelapan dari [[City College of New York]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Kehidupan awal ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Kehidupan awal ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Marshak lahir di [[Bronx]], [[Kota New York]]. Orang tuanya, Harry dan Rose Marshak, adalah imigran dari [[Minsk]]. Dia belajar di [[City College of New York]] selama satu semester dan kemudian &quot;menerima Beasiswa Pulitzer yang memberikan biaya kuliah penuh dan uang saku yang memungkinkan dia untuk melanjutkan pendidikannya di [[Universitas Columbia]]&quot;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Marshak lahir di [[Bronx]], [[Kota New York]]. Orang tuanya, Harry dan Rose Marshak, adalah imigran dari [[Minsk]]. Dia belajar di [[City College of New York]] selama satu semester dan kemudian &quot;menerima Beasiswa Pulitzer yang memberikan biaya kuliah penuh dan uang saku yang memungkinkan dia untuk melanjutkan pendidikannya di [[Universitas Columbia]]&quot;.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Special Collections. [http://spec.lib.vt.edu/marshk/bio.htm Robert E. Marshak: A Brief Biography]. &#039;&#039;Special Collections&#039;&#039;. Virginia Tech.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Columbia College (Columbia University). Office of Alumni Affairs and Development. [http://archive.org/details/ldpd_12981092_006 Columbia College today]. New York, N.Y. : Columbia College, Office of Alumni Affairs and Development. 1959.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Karier ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Karier ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada tahun 1939, Marshak menerima gelar Ph.D. dari [[Universitas Cornell]]. Bersama pembimbing tesisnya, [[Hans Bethe]], dia menemukan banyak aspek fusi yang terlibat dalam pembentukan bintang. Ini membantunya dalam pekerjaannya untuk [[Proyek Manhattan]], di [[Los Alamos]], selama [[Perang Dunia II]]. Selama waktu ini, ia mengembangkan penjelasan tentang bagaimana gelombang kejut bekerja pada suhu yang sangat tinggi yang dicapai oleh ledakan nuklir, dan gelombang ini dikenal sebagai gelombang Marshak.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada tahun 1939, Marshak menerima gelar Ph.D. dari [[Universitas Cornell]]. Bersama pembimbing tesisnya, [[Hans Bethe]], dia menemukan banyak aspek fusi yang terlibat dalam pembentukan bintang. Ini membantunya dalam pekerjaannya untuk [[Proyek Manhattan]], di [[Los Alamos]], selama [[Perang Dunia II]].&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Special Collections. [http://spec.lib.vt.edu/marshk/bio.htm Robert E. Marshak: A Brief Biography]. &#039;&#039;Special Collections&#039;&#039;. Virginia Tech.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Selama waktu ini, ia mengembangkan penjelasan tentang bagaimana gelombang kejut bekerja pada suhu yang sangat tinggi yang dicapai oleh ledakan nuklir, dan gelombang ini dikenal sebagai gelombang Marshak.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.atomicheritage.org/profile/robert-marshak Robert Marshak]. &#039;&#039;Atomic Heritage Foundation&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Setelah perang, Marshak bergabung dengan Departemen Fisika Universitas Rochester, menjadi kepala departemen pada tahun 1950.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Setelah perang, Marshak bergabung dengan Departemen Fisika Universitas Rochester, menjadi kepala departemen pada tahun 1950.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ernest M. Henley. [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/marshak-robert.pdf Robert Eugene Marshak, 1916-1992]. National Academies Press. 1999. hlm. 7.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada tahun 1947, di Shelter Island Conference, Marshak mempresentasikan hipotesis dua mesonnya tentang [[Pion (fisika)|pi-meson]], yang ditemukan tak lama kemudian. Tiga tahun kemudian, Marshak mendirikan Konferensi Rochester saat menjadi ketua departemen fisika [[Universitas Rochester]]. Ini kemudian dikenal sebagai Konferensi Internasional tentang [[Fisika partikel|Fisika Energi Tinggi]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada tahun 1947, di Shelter Island Conference, Marshak mempresentasikan hipotesis dua mesonnya tentang [[Pion (fisika)|pi-meson]], yang ditemukan tak lama kemudian.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Jagdish Mehra. [https://archive.org/details/beatofdifferentd0000mehr_p4o6 The Beat of a Different Drum: The life and science of Richard Feynman]. Clarendon Press. 1994. hlm. [https://archive.org/details/beatofdifferentd0000mehr_p4o6/page/245 245]–249. ISBN 978-0-19-853948-3.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Tiga tahun kemudian, Marshak mendirikan Konferensi Rochester saat menjadi ketua departemen fisika [[Universitas Rochester]]. Ini kemudian dikenal sebagai Konferensi Internasional tentang [[Fisika partikel|Fisika Energi Tinggi]].&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Special Collections. [http://spec.lib.vt.edu/marshk/bio.htm Robert E. Marshak: A Brief Biography]. &#039;&#039;Special Collections&#039;&#039;. Virginia Tech.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada tahun 1957, Marshak dan [[E. C. George Sudarshan|George Sudarshan]] mengusulkan V-A (&quot;vektor&quot; minus &quot;vektor aksial&quot;) [[Lagrangian (teori lapangan)|Lagrangian]] untuk interaksi lemah, yang akhirnya membuka jalan bagi teori elektrolemah. Teori ini kemudian dipresentasikan oleh [[Richard Feynman]] dan [[Murray Gell-Mann]], yang kemudian berkontribusi pada masing-masing pemenang [[Penghargaan Nobel Fisika]]. Sudarshan menyatakan bahwa Gell-Mann telah mempelajari teori tersebut darinya di Konferensi Rochester. Demikian pula, Richard Feynman mempelajari teori tersebut dari diskusi dengan Marshak dalam sebuah konferensi. Feynman mengakui kontribusi Marshak dan Sudarshan pada tahun 1963 yang menyatakan bahwa teori V-A ditemukan oleh Sudarshan dan Marshak dan dipublikasikan oleh Gell-Mann dan dirinya sendiri.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada tahun 1957, Marshak dan [[E. C. George Sudarshan|George Sudarshan]] mengusulkan V-A (&quot;vektor&quot; minus &quot;vektor aksial&quot;) [[Lagrangian (teori lapangan)|Lagrangian]] untuk interaksi lemah, yang akhirnya membuka jalan bagi teori elektrolemah. Teori ini kemudian dipresentasikan oleh [[Richard Feynman]] dan [[Murray Gell-Mann]], yang kemudian berkontribusi pada masing-masing pemenang [[Penghargaan Nobel Fisika]]. Sudarshan menyatakan bahwa Gell-Mann telah mempelajari teori tersebut darinya di Konferensi Rochester.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/renowned-physicist-ecg-sudarshan-missed-out-on-nobel-despite-many-nominations-it-was-the-prizes-loss-1748947.html ECG Sudarshan Missed Out on Physics Nobel Despite Several Nominations. It Was the Prize&#039;s Loss]. &#039;&#039;News18&#039;&#039;. 2018-05-14.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Demikian pula, Richard Feynman mempelajari teori tersebut dari diskusi dengan Marshak dalam sebuah konferensi. Feynman mengakui kontribusi Marshak dan Sudarshan pada tahun 1963 yang menyatakan bahwa teori V-A ditemukan oleh Sudarshan dan Marshak dan dipublikasikan oleh Gell-Mann dan dirinya sendiri.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mehra, p. 477.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Marshak terpilih menjadi anggota [[Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika Serikat|National Academy of Sciences]] pada tahun 1958, [[Akademi Seni dan Ilmu Amerika]] pada tahun 1961, dan [[American Philosophical Society]] pada tahun 1983.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Marshak terpilih menjadi anggota [[Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika Serikat|National Academy of Sciences]] pada tahun 1958, [[Akademi Seni dan Ilmu Amerika]] pada tahun 1961, dan [[American Philosophical Society]] pada tahun 1983.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/52919.html Robert E. Marshak]. &#039;&#039;www.nasonline.org&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.amacad.org/person/robert-eugene-marshak Robert Eugene Marshak]. &#039;&#039;American Academy of Arts &amp;amp; Sciences&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Robert+Marshak&amp;amp;title=&amp;amp;subject=&amp;amp;subdiv=&amp;amp;mem=&amp;amp;year=&amp;amp;year-max=&amp;amp;dead=&amp;amp;keyword=&amp;amp;smode=advanced APS Member History]. &#039;&#039;search.amphilsoc.org&#039;&#039;.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada tahun 1970, Marshak meninggalkan Rochester untuk menjadi presiden City College of New York. Dia pergi untuk menjadi profesor terkemuka universitas di [[Institut Politeknik dan Universitas Negeri Virginia|Virginia Tech]], pensiun pada tahun 1991.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pada tahun 1970, Marshak meninggalkan Rochester untuk menjadi presiden City College of New York.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Daniels, Lee A. [https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/25/nyregion/robert-e-marshak-76-ex-head-of-city-college.html Robert E. Marshak, 76, Ex-Head of City College]. &#039;&#039;New York Times&#039;&#039;. 25 December 1992.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Dia pergi untuk menjadi profesor terkemuka universitas di [[Institut Politeknik dan Universitas Negeri Virginia|Virginia Tech]], pensiun pada tahun 1991.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Special Collections. [http://spec.lib.vt.edu/marshk/bio.htm Robert E. Marshak: A Brief Biography]. &#039;&#039;Special Collections&#039;&#039;. Virginia Tech.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Marshak berbagi [[Penghargaan Memorial J. Robert Oppenheimer]] tahun 1982 dengan Maurice Goldhaber. Tahun berikutnya dia menjabat sebagai presiden American Physical Society, sebelumnya pernah bertugas di dewannya (1965-1969), sebagai ketua Divisi Partikel dan Bidang (1969-1970), dan sebagai wakil presiden.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Marshak berbagi [[Penghargaan Memorial J. Robert Oppenheimer]] tahun 1982 dengan Maurice Goldhaber.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Oppenheimer Prize awarded to Goldhaber and Marshak&#039;&#039;. &#039;&#039;Physics Today&#039;&#039;. September 1982. Vol. 35 (9). hlm. 89. doi:10.1063/1.2915276.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Tahun berikutnya dia menjabat sebagai presiden American Physical Society, sebelumnya pernah bertugas di dewannya (1965-1969), sebagai ketua Divisi Partikel dan Bidang (1969-1970), dan sebagai wakil presiden.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Henley and Lustig, p. 18.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Kematian ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Kematian ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Marshak meninggal karena tidak sengaja tenggelam di [[Cancun|Cancún]], [[Meksiko]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Marshak meninggal karena tidak sengaja tenggelam di [[Cancun|Cancún]], [[Meksiko]].&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Special Collections. [http://spec.lib.vt.edu/marshk/bio.htm Robert E. Marshak: A Brief Biography]. &#039;&#039;Special Collections&#039;&#039;. Virginia Tech.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Karya ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Karya ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Marshak, Robert E. (1952). &#039;&#039;Meson Physics&#039;&#039;. New York: [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Marshak, Robert E. (1952). &#039;&#039;Meson Physics&#039;&#039;. New York: [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]].  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Marshak, Robert E.; Radha, T.K.; Raman, K. (1963?) &#039;&#039;Theory of Weak Interactions of Elementary Particles&#039;&#039;. Matscience report no. 10. Madras: [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Marshak, Robert E.; Radha, T.K.; Raman, K. (1963?) &#039;&#039;Theory of Weak Interactions of Elementary Particles&#039;&#039;. Matscience report no. 10. Madras: [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences]].  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Marshak, Robert E.; Blaker, J. Warren; [[Hans Bethe|Bethe, Hans A.]]; et al. (1966). &#039;&#039;Perspectivies in Modern Physics: Essays in Honor of Hans A. Bethe on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, July 1966.&#039;&#039; New York: Interscience Publishers.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Marshak, Robert E.; Blaker, J. Warren; [[Hans Bethe|Bethe, Hans A.]]; et al. (1966). &#039;&#039;Perspectivies in Modern Physics: Essays in Honor of Hans A. Bethe on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, July 1966.&#039;&#039; New York: Interscience Publishers.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Marshak, Robert E.; [[Riazuddin (physicist)|Riazuddin]]; Ryan, Ciaran P. (1969). &#039;&#039;Theory of Weak Interactions in Particle Physics.&#039;&#039; New York: [[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley-Interscience]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Marshak, Robert E.; [[Riazuddin (physicist)|Riazuddin]]; Ryan, Ciaran P. (1969). &#039;&#039;Theory of Weak Interactions in Particle Physics.&#039;&#039; New York: [[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley-Interscience]].  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Marshak, Robert E.; Wurtemburg, Gladys (1982). &#039;&#039;Academic Renewal in the 1970s : Memoirs of a City College President&#039;&#039;. Washington, D.C.: [[University Press of America]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Marshak, Robert E.; Wurtemburg, Gladys (1982). &#039;&#039;Academic Renewal in the 1970s : Memoirs of a City College President&#039;&#039;. Washington, D.C.: [[University Press of America]]. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Marshak, Robert E. (1993). &#039;&#039;Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics&#039;&#039;. Singapore: [[World Scientific]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* Marshak, Robert E. (1993). &#039;&#039;Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics&#039;&#039;. Singapore: [[World Scientific]]. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Referensi ==&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Bacaan tambahan ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Bacaan tambahan ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [[Ernest M. Henley|Henley, Ernest M.]]; [[Harry Lustig|Lustig, Harry]] (1999). &#039;&#039;[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/marshak-robert.pdf Robert Eugene Marshak, 1916-1992.]&#039;&#039; Washington, D.C.: [[National Academies Press]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [[Ernest M. Henley|Henley, Ernest M.]]; [[Harry Lustig|Lustig, Harry]] (1999). &#039;&#039;[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/marshak-robert.pdf Robert Eugene Marshak, 1916-1992.]&#039;&#039; Washington, D.C.: [[National Academies Press]].  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [[E. C. George Sudarshan|Sudarshan, E.C.G.]]; et al. (1995). &#039;&#039;A Gift of Prophecy: Essays in Celebration of the Life of Robert Eugene Marshak.&#039;&#039; Singapore: World Scientific, 1995.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [[E. C. George Sudarshan|Sudarshan, E.C.G.]]; et al. (1995). &#039;&#039;A Gift of Prophecy: Essays in Celebration of the Life of Robert Eugene Marshak.&#039;&#039; Singapore: World Scientific, 1995. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Pranala luar ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Pranala luar ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l41&quot;&gt;Baris 41:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 40:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[https://cuny-network.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CUNY_NETWORK/frf9ms/alma991026664439706121 Robert Eugene Marshak Collection] at the [[City College of New York]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[https://cuny-network.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CUNY_NETWORK/frf9ms/alma991026664439706121 Robert Eugene Marshak Collection] at the [[City College of New York]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/52919.html Biographical Memoir] at the [[National Academy of Sciences]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* [http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/52919.html Biographical Memoir] at the [[National Academy of Sciences]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4760-1 Robert Marshak Oral History Interviews] from the [[American Institute of Physics]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*[https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4760-1 Robert Marshak Oral History Interviews] from the [[American Institute of Physics]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Referensi ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;== Sumber dan atribusi ==&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sumber &lt;/del&gt;dan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;atribusi ==&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Robert+Marshak&amp;amp;oldid&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;28490570 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28490570 (2025-11-14T15:21:51Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Gambar pada artikel ini bersumber dari Wikimedia Commons &lt;/ins&gt;dan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mengikuti ketentuan lisensi masing-masing berkas. Mohon gunakan konten dan media secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert+Marshak&amp;amp;oldid=28490570 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28490570 (2025&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;11&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;14T15:21:51Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;BerbagiSerupa (CC BY&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!&lt;/ins&gt;-- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;WIKI_UNISSULA_PRESENTATION_V4 &lt;/ins&gt;--&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Robert_Marshak&amp;diff=18952&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 28490570; atribusi sumber disertakan.</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Robert_Marshak&amp;diff=18952&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-08-27T17:18:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 28490570; atribusi sumber disertakan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Halaman baru&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Robert Eugene Marshak&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; () adalah seorang fisikawan [[Amerika Serikat]], pendidik, dan presiden kedelapan dari [[City College of New York]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Kehidupan awal ==&lt;br /&gt;
Marshak lahir di [[Bronx]], [[Kota New York]]. Orang tuanya, Harry dan Rose Marshak, adalah imigran dari [[Minsk]]. Dia belajar di [[City College of New York]] selama satu semester dan kemudian &amp;quot;menerima Beasiswa Pulitzer yang memberikan biaya kuliah penuh dan uang saku yang memungkinkan dia untuk melanjutkan pendidikannya di [[Universitas Columbia]]&amp;quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Karier ==&lt;br /&gt;
Pada tahun 1939, Marshak menerima gelar Ph.D. dari [[Universitas Cornell]]. Bersama pembimbing tesisnya, [[Hans Bethe]], dia menemukan banyak aspek fusi yang terlibat dalam pembentukan bintang. Ini membantunya dalam pekerjaannya untuk [[Proyek Manhattan]], di [[Los Alamos]], selama [[Perang Dunia II]]. Selama waktu ini, ia mengembangkan penjelasan tentang bagaimana gelombang kejut bekerja pada suhu yang sangat tinggi yang dicapai oleh ledakan nuklir, dan gelombang ini dikenal sebagai gelombang Marshak.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Setelah perang, Marshak bergabung dengan Departemen Fisika Universitas Rochester, menjadi kepala departemen pada tahun 1950.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pada tahun 1947, di Shelter Island Conference, Marshak mempresentasikan hipotesis dua mesonnya tentang [[Pion (fisika)|pi-meson]], yang ditemukan tak lama kemudian. Tiga tahun kemudian, Marshak mendirikan Konferensi Rochester saat menjadi ketua departemen fisika [[Universitas Rochester]]. Ini kemudian dikenal sebagai Konferensi Internasional tentang [[Fisika partikel|Fisika Energi Tinggi]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Pada tahun 1957, Marshak dan [[E. C. George Sudarshan|George Sudarshan]] mengusulkan V-A (&amp;quot;vektor&amp;quot; minus &amp;quot;vektor aksial&amp;quot;) [[Lagrangian (teori lapangan)|Lagrangian]] untuk interaksi lemah, yang akhirnya membuka jalan bagi teori elektrolemah. Teori ini kemudian dipresentasikan oleh [[Richard Feynman]] dan [[Murray Gell-Mann]], yang kemudian berkontribusi pada masing-masing pemenang [[Penghargaan Nobel Fisika]]. Sudarshan menyatakan bahwa Gell-Mann telah mempelajari teori tersebut darinya di Konferensi Rochester. Demikian pula, Richard Feynman mempelajari teori tersebut dari diskusi dengan Marshak dalam sebuah konferensi. Feynman mengakui kontribusi Marshak dan Sudarshan pada tahun 1963 yang menyatakan bahwa teori V-A ditemukan oleh Sudarshan dan Marshak dan dipublikasikan oleh Gell-Mann dan dirinya sendiri.&lt;br /&gt;
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Marshak terpilih menjadi anggota [[Akademi Sains Nasional Amerika Serikat|National Academy of Sciences]] pada tahun 1958, [[Akademi Seni dan Ilmu Amerika]] pada tahun 1961, dan [[American Philosophical Society]] pada tahun 1983.&lt;br /&gt;
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Pada tahun 1970, Marshak meninggalkan Rochester untuk menjadi presiden City College of New York. Dia pergi untuk menjadi profesor terkemuka universitas di [[Institut Politeknik dan Universitas Negeri Virginia|Virginia Tech]], pensiun pada tahun 1991.&lt;br /&gt;
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Marshak berbagi [[Penghargaan Memorial J. Robert Oppenheimer]] tahun 1982 dengan Maurice Goldhaber. Tahun berikutnya dia menjabat sebagai presiden American Physical Society, sebelumnya pernah bertugas di dewannya (1965-1969), sebagai ketua Divisi Partikel dan Bidang (1969-1970), dan sebagai wakil presiden.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Kematian ==&lt;br /&gt;
Marshak meninggal karena tidak sengaja tenggelam di [[Cancun|Cancún]], [[Meksiko]].&lt;br /&gt;
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== Karya ==&lt;br /&gt;
* Marshak, Robert E. (1952). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Meson Physics&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. New York: [[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Marshak, Robert E.; Radha, T.K.; Raman, K. (1963?) &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Theory of Weak Interactions of Elementary Particles&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Matscience report no. 10. Madras: [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Marshak, Robert E.; Blaker, J. Warren; [[Hans Bethe|Bethe, Hans A.]]; et al. (1966). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Perspectivies in Modern Physics: Essays in Honor of Hans A. Bethe on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday, July 1966.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; New York: Interscience Publishers.&lt;br /&gt;
* Marshak, Robert E.; [[Riazuddin (physicist)|Riazuddin]]; Ryan, Ciaran P. (1969). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Theory of Weak Interactions in Particle Physics.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; New York: [[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley-Interscience]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Marshak, Robert E.; Wurtemburg, Gladys (1982). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Academic Renewal in the 1970s : Memoirs of a City College President&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Washington, D.C.: [[University Press of America]].&lt;br /&gt;
* Marshak, Robert E. (1993). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;Conceptual Foundations of Modern Particle Physics&amp;#039;&amp;#039;. Singapore: [[World Scientific]].&lt;br /&gt;
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== Referensi ==&lt;br /&gt;
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== Bacaan tambahan ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [[Ernest M. Henley|Henley, Ernest M.]]; [[Harry Lustig|Lustig, Harry]] (1999). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;[http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/marshak-robert.pdf Robert Eugene Marshak, 1916-1992.]&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Washington, D.C.: [[National Academies Press]].&lt;br /&gt;
* [[E. C. George Sudarshan|Sudarshan, E.C.G.]]; et al. (1995). &amp;#039;&amp;#039;A Gift of Prophecy: Essays in Celebration of the Life of Robert Eugene Marshak.&amp;#039;&amp;#039; Singapore: World Scientific, 1995.&lt;br /&gt;
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== Pranala luar ==&lt;br /&gt;
* [https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=oai/lib.vt.edu/repositories/2/resources/3579.oai_ead.xml Robert E. Marshak Papers, Ms1988-060] at [[Virginia Tech]] [https://spec.lib.vt.edu/ Special Collections and University Archives]&lt;br /&gt;
*[https://cuny-network.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CUNY_NETWORK/frf9ms/alma991026664439706121 Robert Eugene Marshak Collection] at the [[City College of New York]]&lt;br /&gt;
* [http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/52919.html Biographical Memoir] at the [[National Academy of Sciences]]&lt;br /&gt;
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*[https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4760-1 Robert Marshak Oral History Interviews] from the [[American Institute of Physics]]&lt;br /&gt;
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== Sumber dan atribusi ==&lt;br /&gt;
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Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert+Marshak&amp;amp;oldid=28490570 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28490570 (2025-11-14T15:21:51Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
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