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Sistem kehidupan - Riwayat revisi
2026-09-16T19:02:13Z
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Maintenance script: Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi
2026-08-26T18:07:57Z
<p>Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi</p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Revisi sebelumnya</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revisi per 26 Agustus 2026 18.07</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Konteks ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Konteks ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, sejumlah ilmuwan mengemukakan bahwa dibutuhkan suatu teori umum tentang sistem kehidupan untuk menjelaskan hakikat kehidupan itu sendiri.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Carol E. Clealand. ''Planets and Life: The Emerging Science of Astrobiology''. Cambridge University Press. 8 October 2007.</ref> </ins>Teori umum semacam ini diharapkan muncul dari disiplin [[ekologi]] dan [[biologi]], dengan tujuan untuk merumuskan prinsip-prinsip menyeluruh tentang bagaimana sistem kehidupan bekerja. Alih-alih mempelajari fenomena dengan cara memecahnya menjadi komponen-komponen, teori sistem kehidupan umum menelaah fenomena melalui pola-pola dinamis dalam hubungan antara organisme dengan lingkungannya.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Molly Young Brown. [http://www.mollyyoungbrown.com/systems_article.htm Patterns, Flows, and Interrelationship]. 2002.</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, sejumlah ilmuwan mengemukakan bahwa dibutuhkan suatu teori umum tentang sistem kehidupan untuk menjelaskan hakikat kehidupan itu sendiri. Teori umum semacam ini diharapkan muncul dari disiplin [[ekologi]] dan [[biologi]], dengan tujuan untuk merumuskan prinsip-prinsip menyeluruh tentang bagaimana sistem kehidupan bekerja. Alih-alih mempelajari fenomena dengan cara memecahnya menjadi komponen-komponen, teori sistem kehidupan umum menelaah fenomena melalui pola-pola dinamis dalam hubungan antara organisme dengan lingkungannya.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Referensi ==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Bacaan lanjutan ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Bacaan lanjutan ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Kenneth D. Bailey (sosiolog)|Kenneth D. Bailey]] (1994). ''Sociology and the New Systems Theory: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis''. Albany, NY: [[SUNY Press]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [[Kenneth D. Bailey (sosiolog)|Kenneth D. Bailey]] (1994). ''Sociology and the New Systems Theory: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis''. Albany, NY: [[SUNY Press]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Kenneth D. Bailey (2006). ''Living Systems Theory and Social Entropy Theory.'' ''Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 22'', 291–300.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Kenneth D. Bailey (2006). ''Living Systems Theory and Social Entropy Theory.'' ''Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 22'', 291–300.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Maria Garcia (2025). ''The World as a Living System: Reclaiming Complexity, Wholeness, and Meaning in a Time of Breakdown.''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Maria Garcia (2025). ''The World as a Living System: Reclaiming Complexity, Wholeness, and Meaning in a Time of Breakdown.'' </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* James Grier Miller (1978). ''Living Systems.'' New York: [[McGraw-Hill]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* James Grier Miller (1978). ''Living Systems.'' New York: [[McGraw-Hill]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Miller, J.L., & Miller, J.G. (1992). ''Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: Subsystems Which Process Both Matter-Energy and Information.'' ''Behavioral Science, 37'', 1–38.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Miller, J.L., & Miller, J.G. (1992). ''Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: Subsystems Which Process Both Matter-Energy and Information.'' ''Behavioral Science, 37'', 1–38.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Humberto Maturana (1978), "[http://www.enolagaia.com/M78BoL.html Biology of Language: The Epistemology of Reality]," dalam Miller, George A., dan Elizabeth Lenneberg (penyunting), ''Psychology and Biology of Language and Thought: Essays in Honor of Eric Lenneberg''. Academic Press: 27–63.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Humberto Maturana (1978), "[http://www.enolagaia.com/M78BoL.html Biology of Language: The Epistemology of Reality]," dalam Miller, George A., dan Elizabeth Lenneberg (penyunting), ''Psychology and Biology of Language and Thought: Essays in Honor of Eric Lenneberg''. Academic Press: 27–63.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Jouko Seppänen (1998). ''Systems Ideology in Human and Social Sciences.'' Dalam G. Altmann & W.A. Koch (penyunting), ''Systems: New Paradigms for the Human Sciences'' (hlm.&nbsp;180–302). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Jouko Seppänen (1998). ''Systems Ideology in Human and Social Sciences.'' Dalam G. Altmann & W.A. Koch (penyunting), ''Systems: New Paradigms for the Human Sciences'' (hlm.&nbsp;180–302). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* James R. Simms (1999). ''Principles of Quantitative Living Systems Science.'' Dordrecht: [[Kluwer Academic]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* James R. Simms (1999). ''Principles of Quantitative Living Systems Science.'' Dordrecht: [[Kluwer Academic]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Pranala luar ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Pranala luar ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://projects.isss.org/doku.php?id=living_systems_theory Teori Sistem Kehidupan karya James Grier Miller]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://projects.isss.org/doku.php?id=living_systems_theory Teori Sistem Kehidupan karya James Grier Miller]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.panarchy.org/miller/livingsystems.html James Grier Miller, Living Systems] Konsep-konsep Dasar (1978)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* [http://www.panarchy.org/miller/livingsystems.html James Grier Miller, Living Systems] Konsep-konsep Dasar (1978)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Referensi ==</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Sumber dan atribusi ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Sumber dan atribusi ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem+kehidupan&oldid=28395666 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28395666 (2025-11-10T06:09:33Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem+kehidupan&oldid=28395666 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28395666 (2025-11-10T06:09:33Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.</div></td></tr>
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Maintenance script: Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 28395666; atribusi sumber disertakan.
2026-08-26T17:28:09Z
<p>Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 28395666; atribusi sumber disertakan.</p>
<p><b>Halaman baru</b></p><div>'''Sistem kehidupan''' adalah bentuk-bentuk [[kehidupan]] (atau lebih umum disebut sebagai '''makhluk hidup''') yang diperlakukan sebagai suatu [[sistem]]. Sistem ini disebut sebagai [[sistem terbuka]] yang [[pengorganisasian diri|mengorganisasi dirinya sendiri]] serta berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya. Sistem kehidupan dipertahankan melalui aliran [[informasi]], [[aliran energi (ekologi)|energi]], dan [[materi]]. Berbagai teori mengenai sistem kehidupan telah diajukan. Teori-teori tersebut berupaya memetakan prinsip-prinsip umum mengenai bagaimana semua sistem kehidupan berfungsi.<br />
<br />
== Konteks ==<br />
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Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, sejumlah ilmuwan mengemukakan bahwa dibutuhkan suatu teori umum tentang sistem kehidupan untuk menjelaskan hakikat kehidupan itu sendiri. Teori umum semacam ini diharapkan muncul dari disiplin [[ekologi]] dan [[biologi]], dengan tujuan untuk merumuskan prinsip-prinsip menyeluruh tentang bagaimana sistem kehidupan bekerja. Alih-alih mempelajari fenomena dengan cara memecahnya menjadi komponen-komponen, teori sistem kehidupan umum menelaah fenomena melalui pola-pola dinamis dalam hubungan antara organisme dengan lingkungannya.<br />
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== Referensi ==<br />
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== Bacaan lanjutan ==<br />
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* [[Kenneth D. Bailey (sosiolog)|Kenneth D. Bailey]] (1994). ''Sociology and the New Systems Theory: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis''. Albany, NY: [[SUNY Press]].<br />
* Kenneth D. Bailey (2006). ''Living Systems Theory and Social Entropy Theory.'' ''Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 22'', 291–300.<br />
* Maria Garcia (2025). ''The World as a Living System: Reclaiming Complexity, Wholeness, and Meaning in a Time of Breakdown.''<br />
* James Grier Miller (1978). ''Living Systems.'' New York: [[McGraw-Hill]].<br />
* Miller, J.L., & Miller, J.G. (1992). ''Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: Subsystems Which Process Both Matter-Energy and Information.'' ''Behavioral Science, 37'', 1–38.<br />
* Humberto Maturana (1978), "[http://www.enolagaia.com/M78BoL.html Biology of Language: The Epistemology of Reality]," dalam Miller, George A., dan Elizabeth Lenneberg (penyunting), ''Psychology and Biology of Language and Thought: Essays in Honor of Eric Lenneberg''. Academic Press: 27–63.<br />
* Jouko Seppänen (1998). ''Systems Ideology in Human and Social Sciences.'' Dalam G. Altmann & W.A. Koch (penyunting), ''Systems: New Paradigms for the Human Sciences'' (hlm.&nbsp;180–302). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.<br />
* James R. Simms (1999). ''Principles of Quantitative Living Systems Science.'' Dordrecht: [[Kluwer Academic]].<br />
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== Pranala luar ==<br />
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* [http://projects.isss.org/doku.php?id=living_systems_theory Teori Sistem Kehidupan karya James Grier Miller]<br />
* [http://www.panarchy.org/miller/livingsystems.html James Grier Miller, Living Systems] Konsep-konsep Dasar (1978)<br />
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== Sumber dan atribusi ==<br />
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Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem+kehidupan&oldid=28395666 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28395666 (2025-11-10T06:09:33Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.</div>
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