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	<title>Teofilin/efedrin - Riwayat revisi</title>
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		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Revisi sebelumnya&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Revisi per 29 Agustus 2026 18.06&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Baris 1:&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Baris 1:&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Teofilin/efedrin&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Nama Generik Internasional|INN]]) adalah formulasi [[Obat kombinasi|kombinasi dosis tetap]] dari [[teofilin]], suatu [[antagonis reseptor]] [[adenosin]]; dengan [[efedrin]], suatu agen pelepas [[Noradrenalin|norepinefrin]] dan agen [[simpatomimetik]] yang bekerja secara tidak langsung; yang telah digunakan sebagai [[bronkodilator]] dalam pengobatan [[asma]] dan sebagai [[dekongestan]] hidung. Obat ini pertama kali dipelajari dan digunakan untuk mengobati asma pada tahun 1930-an atau 1940-an dan kombinasi kedua obat tersebut kemudian digunakan secara luas. Rasio teofilin dan efedrin 5:1 biasanya digunakan dalam kombinasi obat-obatan tersebut. Penelitian selanjutnya menemukan bahwa kombinasi tersebut tidak lebih efektif untuk asma daripada teofilin saja tetapi menghasilkan lebih banyak [[efek samping]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&#039;&#039;&#039;Teofilin/efedrin&#039;&#039;&#039; ([[Nama Generik Internasional|INN]])&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-risk-safety-in-medicine_1991_2_4/page/171 Classifying improvements to drug marketing and justifications for claims of efficacy]. &#039;&#039;The International Journal of Risk &amp;amp; Safety in Medicine&#039;&#039;. 1991. Vol. 2 (4). hlm. 171–184. doi:10.3233/JRS-1991-2401.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;adalah formulasi [[Obat kombinasi|kombinasi dosis tetap]] dari [[teofilin]], suatu [[antagonis reseptor]] [[adenosin]]; dengan [[efedrin]], suatu agen pelepas [[Noradrenalin|norepinefrin]] dan agen [[simpatomimetik]] yang bekerja secara tidak langsung; yang telah digunakan sebagai [[bronkodilator]] dalam pengobatan [[asma]] dan sebagai [[dekongestan]] hidung.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;A breath of fresh air&#039;&#039;. &#039;&#039;Prescriber&#039;&#039;. 2022. Vol. 33 (2). hlm. 41–42. doi:10.1002/psb.1973.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA1179 The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies]. Springer US. 2014. hlm. 1179. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/inn-pl-14 INN Proposed List 14]. &#039;&#039;World Health Organization (WHO)&#039;&#039;. 31 October 1964.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;National Archives (U.S.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=h-EVER6fsmAC&amp;amp;pg=PA12450 Federal Register]. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. 1978. hlm. 12450–12382.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_1978-07_62_1/page/n18 Bronchodilating effect of oral theophylline-ephedrine combination]. &#039;&#039;The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology&#039;&#039;. July 1978. Vol. 62 (1). hlm. 15–21. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(78)90066-0.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_1975-05_17_5/page/585 Interaction of ephedrine and theophylline]. &#039;&#039;Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics&#039;&#039;. May 1975. Vol. 17 (5). hlm. 585–592. doi:10.1002/cpt1975175585.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-pharmacology_1991-03_31_3/page/243 Inhaled epinephrine and oral theophylline-ephedrine in the treatment of asthma]. &#039;&#039;Journal of Clinical Pharmacology&#039;&#039;. March 1991. Vol. 31 (3). hlm. 243–247. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb04969.x.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=49kLK--eumEC&amp;amp;pg=PA45 Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies]. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007. hlm. 45. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Obat ini pertama kali dipelajari dan digunakan untuk mengobati asma pada tahun 1930-an atau 1940-an dan kombinasi kedua obat tersebut kemudian digunakan secara luas.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_1975-05_17_5/page/585 Interaction of ephedrine and theophylline]. &#039;&#039;Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics&#039;&#039;. May 1975. Vol. 17 (5). hlm. 585–592. doi:10.1002/cpt1975175585.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=49kLK--eumEC&amp;amp;pg=PA45 Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies]. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007. hlm. 45. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Therapeutic effect and dosing strategies for theophylline in the treatment of chronic asthma&#039;&#039;. &#039;&#039;The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology&#039;&#039;. October 1986. Vol. 78 (4 Pt 2). hlm. 762–768. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(86)90058-8.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Rasio teofilin dan efedrin 5:1 biasanya digunakan dalam kombinasi obat-obatan tersebut.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_1979-03_63_2/page/391 Drug therapy of bronchial asthma]. &#039;&#039;The Medical Clinics of North America&#039;&#039;. March 1979. Vol. 63 (2). hlm. 391–396.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Penelitian selanjutnya menemukan bahwa kombinasi tersebut tidak lebih efektif untuk asma daripada teofilin saja tetapi menghasilkan lebih banyak [[efek samping]].&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-risk-safety-in-medicine_1991_2_4/page/171 Classifying improvements to drug marketing and justifications for claims of efficacy]. &#039;&#039;The International Journal of Risk &amp;amp; Safety in Medicine&#039;&#039;. 1991. Vol. 2 (4). hlm. 171–184. doi:10.3233/JRS-1991-2401.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_1975-05_17_5/page/585 Interaction of ephedrine and theophylline]. &#039;&#039;Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics&#039;&#039;. May 1975. Vol. 17 (5). hlm. 585–592. doi:10.1002/cpt1975175585.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=49kLK--eumEC&amp;amp;pg=PA45 Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies]. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007. hlm. 45. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Avoidance of adverse effects during chronic therapy with theophylline&#039;&#039;. &#039;&#039;European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. Supplement&#039;&#039;. 1980. Vol. 109. hlm. 103–119.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan [[fenobarbital]] juga telah banyak digunakan untuk mengobati asma. Banyak kombinasi tersebut telah dipasarkan dengan berbagai nama merek. Teofilin juga telah dipasarkan dalam kombinasi dengan simpatomimetik serupa efedrin lainnya seperti [[rasefedrin]] dan [[pseudoefedrin]] serta dengan [[barbiturat]] lainnya seperti [[amobarbital]] dan [[butabarbital]]. Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan [[hidroksizin]] telah dipasarkan juga. Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan barbiturat kemudian dihapuskan demi kombinasi teofilin dan efedrin saja. Kombinasi dosis tetap teofilin dan efedrin ditinggalkan setelah tahun 1970-an karena tidak memungkinkan [[titrasi]] dosis dalam terapi asma akibat toksisitas efedrin.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan [[fenobarbital]] juga telah banyak digunakan untuk mengobati asma.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Avoidance of adverse effects during chronic therapy with theophylline&#039;&#039;. &#039;&#039;European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. Supplement&#039;&#039;. 1980. Vol. 109. hlm. 103–119.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Izob_Qe-EKwC&amp;amp;pg=PA53 Handbook of Emergency Psychiatry]. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007. hlm. 53. ISBN 978-0-323-07661-6.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=52joNWUvZakC&amp;amp;pg=PA92 Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry]. Elsevier Science. 1972. hlm. 92. ISBN 978-0-08-058351-8.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=8HJc_WTwdNsC Project Label: Alphabetical Listing by Drug Product]. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Compliance and Regulatory Affairs, Regulatory Support Division, Information Systems Section. 1979.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Banyak kombinasi tersebut telah dipasarkan dengan berbagai nama merek. Teofilin juga telah dipasarkan dalam kombinasi dengan simpatomimetik serupa efedrin lainnya seperti [[rasefedrin]] dan [[pseudoefedrin]] serta dengan [[barbiturat]] lainnya seperti [[amobarbital]] dan [[butabarbital]].&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=8HJc_WTwdNsC Project Label: Alphabetical Listing by Drug Product]. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Compliance and Regulatory Affairs, Regulatory Support Division, Information Systems Section. 1979.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan [[hidroksizin]] telah dipasarkan juga.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljgl1bvwKdwC&amp;amp;pg=RA3-PA33 Emergency Medical Care: A Manual for the Paramedic in the Field]. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1983. hlm. 3-PA33.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=i4Xhbcw-vK0C&amp;amp;pg=PA210 Emergency Department Trends from the Drug Abuse Warning Network: Preliminary Estimates January-June 2001 with Revised Estimates 1994-2000]. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2002. hlm. 210.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=sH-JDAAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PA810 Mosby&#039;s Pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing &amp;amp; Health Professions - E-Book: Mosby&#039;s Pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing &amp;amp; Health Professions - E-Book]. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2016. hlm. 810. ISBN 978-0-323-41427-2.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan barbiturat kemudian dihapuskan demi kombinasi teofilin dan efedrin saja.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-risk-safety-in-medicine_1991_2_4/page/171 Classifying improvements to drug marketing and justifications for claims of efficacy]. &#039;&#039;The International Journal of Risk &amp;amp; Safety in Medicine&#039;&#039;. 1991. Vol. 2 (4). hlm. 171–184. doi:10.3233/JRS-1991-2401.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;A breath of fresh air&#039;&#039;. &#039;&#039;Prescriber&#039;&#039;. 2022. Vol. 33 (2). hlm. 41–42. doi:10.1002/psb.1973.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Kombinasi dosis tetap teofilin dan efedrin ditinggalkan setelah tahun 1970-an karena tidak memungkinkan [[titrasi]] dosis dalam terapi asma akibat toksisitas efedrin.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Single-inhaler combination therapy for asthma: a review of cost effectiveness&#039;&#039;. &#039;&#039;PharmacoEconomics&#039;&#039;. 2006. Vol. 24 (10). hlm. 971–988. doi:10.2165/00019053-200624100-00005.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Efek teofilin/efedrin sebagai [[zat ergogenik|obat peningkat performa]] dalam [[latihan fisik]] dan [[olahraga]] telah dipelajari. Penggunaan kombinasi teofilin/efedrin telah menyebabkan diskualifikasi atlet elit karena efedrin dilarang dalam olahraga kompetitif.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Efek teofilin/efedrin sebagai [[zat ergogenik|obat peningkat performa]] dalam [[latihan fisik]] dan [[olahraga]] telah dipelajari.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&#039;&#039;Effects of theophylline and theobromine on exercise performance and implications for competition sport: A systematic review&#039;&#039;. &#039;&#039;Drug Testing and Analysis&#039;&#039;. January 2021. Vol. 13 (1). hlm. 36–43. doi:10.1002/dta.2970.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=707479795512859830 Effects of anti-asthmatic medication (ephedrine plus theophylline) upon the physical performance and work capacity of healthy track athletes]. &#039;&#039;Can J Appl Sport Sci&#039;&#039;. 1978. Vol. 3. hlm. 93–97.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;/ins&gt;Penggunaan kombinasi teofilin/efedrin telah menyebabkan diskualifikasi atlet elit karena efedrin dilarang dalam olahraga kompetitif.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2000-09_106_3/page/444 Allergy and asthma in elite summer sport athletes]. &#039;&#039;The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology&#039;&#039;. September 2000. Vol. 106 (3). hlm. 444–452. doi:10.1067/mai.2000.107749.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Referensi ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Referensi ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;references /&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Sumber dan atribusi ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Sumber dan atribusi ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teofilin%2Fefedrin&amp;amp;oldid=29587169 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 29587169 (2026-08-16T07:31:19Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teofilin%2Fefedrin&amp;amp;oldid=29587169 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 29587169 (2026-08-16T07:31:19Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;!-- WIKI_UNISSULA_PRESENTATION_V4 --&amp;gt;&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Teofilin/efedrin&amp;diff=27075&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Maintenance script: Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 29587169; atribusi sumber disertakan.</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Teofilin/efedrin&amp;diff=27075&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2026-08-29T17:34:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 29587169; atribusi sumber disertakan.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Halaman baru&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039;Teofilin/efedrin&amp;#039;&amp;#039;&amp;#039; ([[Nama Generik Internasional|INN]]) adalah formulasi [[Obat kombinasi|kombinasi dosis tetap]] dari [[teofilin]], suatu [[antagonis reseptor]] [[adenosin]]; dengan [[efedrin]], suatu agen pelepas [[Noradrenalin|norepinefrin]] dan agen [[simpatomimetik]] yang bekerja secara tidak langsung; yang telah digunakan sebagai [[bronkodilator]] dalam pengobatan [[asma]] dan sebagai [[dekongestan]] hidung. Obat ini pertama kali dipelajari dan digunakan untuk mengobati asma pada tahun 1930-an atau 1940-an dan kombinasi kedua obat tersebut kemudian digunakan secara luas. Rasio teofilin dan efedrin 5:1 biasanya digunakan dalam kombinasi obat-obatan tersebut. Penelitian selanjutnya menemukan bahwa kombinasi tersebut tidak lebih efektif untuk asma daripada teofilin saja tetapi menghasilkan lebih banyak [[efek samping]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan [[fenobarbital]] juga telah banyak digunakan untuk mengobati asma. Banyak kombinasi tersebut telah dipasarkan dengan berbagai nama merek. Teofilin juga telah dipasarkan dalam kombinasi dengan simpatomimetik serupa efedrin lainnya seperti [[rasefedrin]] dan [[pseudoefedrin]] serta dengan [[barbiturat]] lainnya seperti [[amobarbital]] dan [[butabarbital]]. Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan [[hidroksizin]] telah dipasarkan juga. Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan barbiturat kemudian dihapuskan demi kombinasi teofilin dan efedrin saja. Kombinasi dosis tetap teofilin dan efedrin ditinggalkan setelah tahun 1970-an karena tidak memungkinkan [[titrasi]] dosis dalam terapi asma akibat toksisitas efedrin.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Efek teofilin/efedrin sebagai [[zat ergogenik|obat peningkat performa]] dalam [[latihan fisik]] dan [[olahraga]] telah dipelajari. Penggunaan kombinasi teofilin/efedrin telah menyebabkan diskualifikasi atlet elit karena efedrin dilarang dalam olahraga kompetitif.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Referensi ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
== Sumber dan atribusi ==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teofilin%2Fefedrin&amp;amp;oldid=29587169 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 29587169 (2026-08-16T07:31:19Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Maintenance script</name></author>
	</entry>
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