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Difusivitas termal: Perbedaan antara revisi

Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Universitas Islam Sultan Agung
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Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi
 
Baris 1: Baris 1:
Dalam analisis [[perpindahan panas]], '''Difusivitas termal''' adalah [[konduktivitas termal]] dibagi dengan [[massa jenis]] dan [[panas jenis]] pada tekanan yang konstan. Difusivitas termal mengukur kemampuan material untuk mengonduksi energi panas relatif terhadap kemampuannya untuk menyimpan energi panas. Difusivitas termal memakai lambang ''α'' tetapi ''a'', ''κ'', ''K'', dan ''D'' juga digunakan. Satuan SI yang digunakan adalah m²/s. Difusivitas termal dirumuskan dengan:
Dalam analisis [[perpindahan panas]], '''Difusivitas termal''' adalah [[konduktivitas termal]] dibagi dengan [[massa jenis]] dan [[panas jenis]] pada tekanan yang konstan. Difusivitas termal mengukur kemampuan material untuk mengonduksi energi panas relatif terhadap kemampuannya untuk menyimpan energi panas. Difusivitas termal memakai lambang ''α'' tetapi ''a'', ''κ'',<ref>Richard B. Hetnarski, M. Reza Eslami ; edited by G.M.L. Gladwell. ''Thermal Stresses - Advanced Theory and Applications''. Springer Netherlands. 2009. hlm. 170. ISBN 978-1-4020-9247-3.</ref> ''K'',<ref>J. Unsworth. ''Heat diffusion in a solid sphere and Fourier Theory''. ''Am. J. Phys''. 1979. Vol. 47 (11). hlm. 891–893. doi:10.1119/1.11601.</ref> dan ''D'' juga digunakan. Satuan SI yang digunakan adalah m²/s. Difusivitas termal dirumuskan dengan:


:<math>\alpha = {k \over {\rho c_p}}</math>
:<math>\alpha = {k \over {\rho c_p}}</math>
Baris 10: Baris 10:
<math>\rho c_p\,</math> dapat disebut sebagai [[kapasitas panas volumetrik]] (J/(m³·K)).
<math>\rho c_p\,</math> dapat disebut sebagai [[kapasitas panas volumetrik]] (J/(m³·K)).


Seperti dilihat pada [[persamaan panas]],
Seperti dilihat pada [[persamaan panas]],<ref>H. S. Carslaw. ''Conduction of Heat in Solids''. Oxford University Press. 1959. ISBN 978-0-19-853368-9.</ref>


:<math>\frac{\partial T}{\partial t} = \alpha \nabla^2 T </math>,
:<math>\frac{\partial T}{\partial t} = \alpha \nabla^2 T </math>,


difusivitas termal adalah rasio [[turunan waktu]] terhadap [[temperatur]] pada turunan keduanya. Difusivitas termal dapat disebut juga sebagai ukuran dari inersia termal. Dalam zat dengan difusivitas termal yang tinggi, panas bergerak cepat karena zat tersebut menghantarkan panas relatif terhadap kapasitas panas volumetriknya.
difusivitas termal adalah rasio [[turunan waktu]] terhadap [[temperatur]] pada turunan keduanya. Difusivitas termal dapat disebut juga sebagai ukuran dari inersia termal.<ref>B.K. Venkanna. [http://books.google.com/books?id=IIIVHRirRgEC&pg=PA38 Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer]. PHI Learning. 2010. hlm. 38. ISBN 978-81-203-4031-2.</ref> Dalam zat dengan difusivitas termal yang tinggi, panas bergerak cepat karena zat tersebut menghantarkan panas relatif terhadap kapasitas panas volumetriknya.


{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Difusivitas termal beberapa bahan<ref>Brown. ''Introduction to Heat Transfer''. McGraw-Hill. 1958.</ref><ref>Eckert. ''Heat and Mass Transfer''. McGraw-Hill. 1959. ISBN 0-89116-553-3. cited in J.P. Holman. [https://archive.org/details/solutionsmanualt0000holm Heat Transfer]. McGraw-Hill. 2002. ISBN 0-07-029639-1.</ref>
|-
! Bahan !! class="unsortable" | Difusivitas termal<br />(m²/s) !! Difusivitas termal<br />(mm²/s)
|-
| [[Karbon pirolitik]], sejajar dengan lapisan || 1.22 × 10<sup>−3</sup> || 1220
|-
| [[Perak]] (99.9%) || 1.6563 × 10<sup>−4</sup> || 165.63
|-
| [[Emas]]  || 1.27 × 10<sup>−4</sup><ref>Jim Wilson. [http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/ Materials Data]. August 2007.</ref> || 127
|-
| [[Tembaga]]  at 25&nbsp;°C  || 1.11 × 10<sup>−4</sup><ref>V. Casalegno, P. Vavassori, M. Valle, M. Ferraris, M. Salvo, G. Pintsuk. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022311510005337 Measurement of thermal properties of a ceramic/metal joint by laser flash method]. 2010. Vol. 407 (2). hlm. 83. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.09.032.</ref> || 111
|-
| [[Aluminium]] || 8.418 × 10<sup>−5</sup> || 84.18
|-
| Al-10Si-Mn-Mg (Silafont 36) at 20&nbsp;°C  || 74.2 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>P. Hofer, E. Kaschnitz. [http://www.oldcitypublishing.com/HTHP/HTHPcontents/HTHP40.3-4contents.html Thermal diffusivity of the aluminium alloy Al-10Si-Mn-Mg (Silafont 36) in the solid and liquid states]. ''High Temperatures-High Pressures''. 2011. Vol. 40 (3-4). hlm. 311.</ref> || 74.2
|-
| Aluminum paduan 6061-T6  || 6.4  × 10<sup>−5</sup>  <ref>Jim Wilson. [http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/ Materials Data]. August 2007.</ref> || 64
|-
| Al-5Mg-2Si-Mn (Magsimal-59) at 20&nbsp;°C  || 44.0 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>E. Kaschnitz, M. Küblböck. [http://www.oldcitypublishing.com/HTHP/HTHPcontents/HTHP37.3contents.html Thermal diffusivity of the aluminium alloy Al-5Mg-2Si-Mn (Magsimal-59) in the solid and liquid states]. ''High Temperatures-High Pressures''. 2008. Vol. 37 (3). hlm. 221.</ref> || 44.0
|-
| [[Baja]], 1% carbon || 1.172 × 10<sup>−5</sup> || 11.72
|-
| [[Baja tahan karat]] 304A at 27&nbsp;°C  || 4.2 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>Jim Wilson. [http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/ Materials Data]. August 2007.</ref> || 4.2
|-
| [[Baja tahan karat]] 310 at 25&nbsp;°C  || 3.352 × 10<sup>−6</sup>  <ref>J. Blumm, A. Lindemann, B. Niedrig, R. Campbell. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/4kl8p6717705h766/ Measurement of Selected Thermophysical Properties of the NPL Certified Reference Material Stainless Steel 310]. ''International Journal of Thermophysics''. 2007. Vol. 28 (2). hlm. 674. doi:10.1007/s10765-007-0177-z.</ref> || 3.352
|-
| [[Inconel 600]] at 25&nbsp;°C  || 3.428 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>J. Blumm , A. Lindemann, B. Niedrig. [http://www.perceptionweb.com/abstract.cgi?id=htjr145 Measurement of the thermophysical properties of an NPL thermal conductivity standard Inconel 600]. ''High Temperatures-High Pressures''. 2003/2007. Vol. 35/36 (6). hlm. 621.</ref> || 3.428
|-
| [[Molybdenum]] (99.95%) at 25&nbsp;°C  || 54.3 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>A. Lindemann, J. Blumm. ''Measurement of the Thermophysical Properties of Pure Molybdenum''. 2009. Vol. 3.</ref> || 54.3
|-
| [[Besi]] ||  2.3 × 10<sup>−5</sup><ref>Jim Wilson. [http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/ Materials Data]. August 2007.</ref> || 23
|-
| [[Silikon]]  || 8.8 × 10<sup>−5</sup><ref>Jim Wilson. [http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/ Materials Data]. August 2007.</ref> || 88
|-
| [[Quartz]] || 1.4 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>Jim Wilson. [http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/ Materials Data]. August 2007.</ref> || 1.4
|-
| Komposit karbon pada 25&nbsp;°C  || 216.5 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>V. Casalegno, P. Vavassori, M. Valle, M. Ferraris, M. Salvo, G. Pintsuk. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022311510005337 Measurement of thermal properties of a ceramic/metal joint by laser flash method]. 2010. Vol. 407 (2). hlm. 83. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.09.032.</ref> || 216.5
|-
| [[Aluminium oksida]] (polikristalin) || 1.20 × 10<sup>−5</sup> || 12.0
|-
| [[Silikon dioksida]] (polikristalin)  || 8.3 × 10<sup>−7</sup><ref>Jim Wilson. [http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/ Materials Data]. August 2007.</ref> || 0.83
|-
|  Si<sub>3</sub>  N<sub>4</sub> dengan [[carbon nanotube|CNTs]] 26&nbsp;°C  || 9.142 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>O. Koszor, A. Lindemann, F. Davin, C. Balázsi. [http://www.scientific.net/KEM.409.354 Observation of thermophysical and tribological properties of CNT reinforced Si 3 N 4]. ''Key Engineering Materials''. 2009. Vol. 409. hlm. 354. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.409.354.</ref> || 9.142
|-
| Si<sub>3</sub>  N<sub>4</sub>  tanpa [[carbon nanotube|CNTs]] 26&nbsp;°C  || 8.605 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>O. Koszor, A. Lindemann, F. Davin, C. Balázsi. [http://www.scientific.net/KEM.409.354 Observation of thermophysical and tribological properties of CNT reinforced Si 3 N 4]. ''Key Engineering Materials''. 2009. Vol. 409. hlm. 354. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.409.354.</ref> || 8.605
|-
| [[Polikarbonat]] pada 25&nbsp;°C  || 0.144 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>J. Blumm, A. Lindemann. ''Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique''. ''High Temperatures-High Pressures''. 2003/2007. Vol. 35/36 (6). hlm. 627. doi:10.1068/htjr144.</ref> || 0.144
|-
| [[Polipropilena]] pada 25&nbsp;°C  || 0.096 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>J. Blumm, A. Lindemann. ''Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique''. ''High Temperatures-High Pressures''. 2003/2007. Vol. 35/36 (6). hlm. 627. doi:10.1068/htjr144.</ref> || 0.096
|-
| [[Parafin]] pada 25&nbsp;°C  || 0.081 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>J. Blumm, A. Lindemann. ''Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique''. ''High Temperatures-High Pressures''. 2003/2007. Vol. 35/36 (6). hlm. 627. doi:10.1068/htjr144.</ref> || 0.081
|-
| [[PVC]]  || 8 × 10<sup>−8</sup><ref>Jim Wilson. [http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/ Materials Data]. August 2007.</ref> || 0.08
|-
| [[PTFE]] pada 25&nbsp;°C|| 0.124 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>J. Blumm, A. Lindemann, M. Meyer, C. Strasser. ''Characterization of PTFE Using Advanced Thermal Analysis Technique''. ''International Journal of Thermophysics''. 2011. Vol. 40 (3-4). hlm. 311. doi:10.1007/s10765-008-0512-z.</ref> || 0.124
|-
| [[Air]] at 25&nbsp;°C  || 0.143 × 10<sup>−6</sup><ref>J. Blumm, A. Lindemann. ''Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique''. ''High Temperatures-High Pressures''. 2003/2007. Vol. 35/36 (6). hlm. 627. doi:10.1068/htjr144.</ref> || 0.143
|-
| [[Alkohol]] || 7 × 10<sup>−8</sup><ref>Jim Wilson. [http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/ Materials Data]. August 2007.</ref> || 0.07
|-
| [[Uap air]] (1 atm, 400 K) || 2.338 × 10<sup>−5</sup> || 23.38
|-
| [[Udara]] (300 K) || 1.9 × 10<sup>−5</sup><ref>Jim Wilson. [http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/ Materials Data]. August 2007.</ref> || 19
|-
| [[Argon]] (300 K, 1 atm) || <ref>''CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics''. Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. 1992. cited in Ralph Baierlein. [http://books.google.com/books?id=fqUU71spbZYC&pg=PA372 Thermal Physics]. Cambridge University Press. 1999. hlm. 372. ISBN 0-521-59082-5.</ref> || 22
|-
| [[Helium]] (300 K, 1 atm) || <ref>''CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics''. Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. 1992. cited in Ralph Baierlein. [http://books.google.com/books?id=fqUU71spbZYC&pg=PA372 Thermal Physics]. Cambridge University Press. 1999. hlm. 372. ISBN 0-521-59082-5.</ref> || 190
|-
| [[Hidrogen]] (300 K, 1 atm) || <ref>''CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics''. Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. 1992. cited in Ralph Baierlein. [http://books.google.com/books?id=fqUU71spbZYC&pg=PA372 Thermal Physics]. Cambridge University Press. 1999. hlm. 372. ISBN 0-521-59082-5.</ref> || 160
|-
| [[Nitrogen]] (300 K, 1 atm) || <ref>''CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics''. Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. 1992. cited in Ralph Baierlein. [http://books.google.com/books?id=fqUU71spbZYC&pg=PA372 Thermal Physics]. Cambridge University Press. 1999. hlm. 372. ISBN 0-521-59082-5.</ref> || 22
|-
| [[Timah]] || 4.0 × 10<sup>−5</sup>  <ref>Jim Wilson. [http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2007/08/thermal-diffusivity/ Materials Data]. August 2007.</ref>  || 40
|-
| [[Kaca]] jendela || 3.4 × 10<sup>−7</sup> || 0.34
|-
| [[Karet]] || 1.3 × 10<sup>−7</sup> || 0.13
|-
| [[Nilon]] || 9 × 10<sup>−8</sup> || 0.09
|-
| [[Kayu]] (Pinus Kuning) || 8.2 × 10<sup>−8</sup> || 0.082
|-
| [[Pelumas]] [[mesin]] (jenuh 100&nbsp;°C) || 7.38 × 10<sup>−8</sup> || 0.0738
|}


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 24: Baris 109:


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
 
<references />
 


== Sumber dan atribusi ==
== Sumber dan atribusi ==


Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Difusivitas+termal&oldid=29298835 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 29298835 (2026-05-31T18:43:13Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.
Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Difusivitas+termal&oldid=29298835 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 29298835 (2026-05-31T18:43:13Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.
<!-- WIKI_UNISSULA_PRESENTATION_V4 -->

Revisi terkini sejak 26 Agustus 2026 04.03

Dalam analisis perpindahan panas, Difusivitas termal adalah konduktivitas termal dibagi dengan massa jenis dan panas jenis pada tekanan yang konstan. Difusivitas termal mengukur kemampuan material untuk mengonduksi energi panas relatif terhadap kemampuannya untuk menyimpan energi panas. Difusivitas termal memakai lambang α tetapi a, κ,[1] K,[2] dan D juga digunakan. Satuan SI yang digunakan adalah m²/s. Difusivitas termal dirumuskan dengan:

α=kρcp

di mana

  • k adalah konduktivitas termal (W/(m·K))
  • ρ adalah densitas (kg/m³)
  • cp adalah panas jenis (J/(kg·K))

ρcp dapat disebut sebagai kapasitas panas volumetrik (J/(m³·K)).

Seperti dilihat pada persamaan panas,[3]

Tt=α2T,

difusivitas termal adalah rasio turunan waktu terhadap temperatur pada turunan keduanya. Difusivitas termal dapat disebut juga sebagai ukuran dari inersia termal.[4] Dalam zat dengan difusivitas termal yang tinggi, panas bergerak cepat karena zat tersebut menghantarkan panas relatif terhadap kapasitas panas volumetriknya.

Difusivitas termal beberapa bahan[5][6]
Bahan Difusivitas termal
(m²/s)
Difusivitas termal
(mm²/s)
Karbon pirolitik, sejajar dengan lapisan 1.22 × 10−3 1220
Perak (99.9%) 1.6563 × 10−4 165.63
Emas 1.27 × 10−4[7] 127
Tembaga at 25 °C 1.11 × 10−4[8] 111
Aluminium 8.418 × 10−5 84.18
Al-10Si-Mn-Mg (Silafont 36) at 20 °C 74.2 × 10−6[9] 74.2
Aluminum paduan 6061-T6 6.4 × 10−5 [10] 64
Al-5Mg-2Si-Mn (Magsimal-59) at 20 °C 44.0 × 10−6[11] 44.0
Baja, 1% carbon 1.172 × 10−5 11.72
Baja tahan karat 304A at 27 °C 4.2 × 10−6[12] 4.2
Baja tahan karat 310 at 25 °C 3.352 × 10−6 [13] 3.352
Inconel 600 at 25 °C 3.428 × 10−6[14] 3.428
Molybdenum (99.95%) at 25 °C 54.3 × 10−6[15] 54.3
Besi 2.3 × 10−5[16] 23
Silikon 8.8 × 10−5[17] 88
Quartz 1.4 × 10−6[18] 1.4
Komposit karbon pada 25 °C 216.5 × 10−6[19] 216.5
Aluminium oksida (polikristalin) 1.20 × 10−5 12.0
Silikon dioksida (polikristalin) 8.3 × 10−7[20] 0.83
Si3 N4 dengan CNTs 26 °C 9.142 × 10−6[21] 9.142
Si3 N4 tanpa CNTs 26 °C 8.605 × 10−6[22] 8.605
Polikarbonat pada 25 °C 0.144 × 10−6[23] 0.144
Polipropilena pada 25 °C 0.096 × 10−6[24] 0.096
Parafin pada 25 °C 0.081 × 10−6[25] 0.081
PVC 8 × 10−8[26] 0.08
PTFE pada 25 °C 0.124 × 10−6[27] 0.124
Air at 25 °C 0.143 × 10−6[28] 0.143
Alkohol 7 × 10−8[29] 0.07
Uap air (1 atm, 400 K) 2.338 × 10−5 23.38
Udara (300 K) 1.9 × 10−5[30] 19
Argon (300 K, 1 atm) [31] 22
Helium (300 K, 1 atm) [32] 190
Hidrogen (300 K, 1 atm) [33] 160
Nitrogen (300 K, 1 atm) [34] 22
Timah 4.0 × 10−5 [35] 40
Kaca jendela 3.4 × 10−7 0.34
Karet 1.3 × 10−7 0.13
Nilon 9 × 10−8 0.09
Kayu (Pinus Kuning) 8.2 × 10−8 0.082
Pelumas mesin (jenuh 100 °C) 7.38 × 10−8 0.0738

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. Richard B. Hetnarski, M. Reza Eslami ; edited by G.M.L. Gladwell. Thermal Stresses - Advanced Theory and Applications. Springer Netherlands. 2009. hlm. 170. ISBN 978-1-4020-9247-3.
  2. J. Unsworth. Heat diffusion in a solid sphere and Fourier Theory. Am. J. Phys. 1979. Vol. 47 (11). hlm. 891–893. doi:10.1119/1.11601.
  3. H. S. Carslaw. Conduction of Heat in Solids. Oxford University Press. 1959. ISBN 978-0-19-853368-9.
  4. B.K. Venkanna. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer. PHI Learning. 2010. hlm. 38. ISBN 978-81-203-4031-2.
  5. Brown. Introduction to Heat Transfer. McGraw-Hill. 1958.
  6. Eckert. Heat and Mass Transfer. McGraw-Hill. 1959. ISBN 0-89116-553-3. cited in J.P. Holman. Heat Transfer. McGraw-Hill. 2002. ISBN 0-07-029639-1.
  7. Jim Wilson. Materials Data. August 2007.
  8. V. Casalegno, P. Vavassori, M. Valle, M. Ferraris, M. Salvo, G. Pintsuk. Measurement of thermal properties of a ceramic/metal joint by laser flash method. 2010. Vol. 407 (2). hlm. 83. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.09.032.
  9. P. Hofer, E. Kaschnitz. Thermal diffusivity of the aluminium alloy Al-10Si-Mn-Mg (Silafont 36) in the solid and liquid states. High Temperatures-High Pressures. 2011. Vol. 40 (3-4). hlm. 311.
  10. Jim Wilson. Materials Data. August 2007.
  11. E. Kaschnitz, M. Küblböck. Thermal diffusivity of the aluminium alloy Al-5Mg-2Si-Mn (Magsimal-59) in the solid and liquid states. High Temperatures-High Pressures. 2008. Vol. 37 (3). hlm. 221.
  12. Jim Wilson. Materials Data. August 2007.
  13. J. Blumm, A. Lindemann, B. Niedrig, R. Campbell. Measurement of Selected Thermophysical Properties of the NPL Certified Reference Material Stainless Steel 310. International Journal of Thermophysics. 2007. Vol. 28 (2). hlm. 674. doi:10.1007/s10765-007-0177-z.
  14. J. Blumm , A. Lindemann, B. Niedrig. Measurement of the thermophysical properties of an NPL thermal conductivity standard Inconel 600. High Temperatures-High Pressures. 2003/2007. Vol. 35/36 (6). hlm. 621.
  15. A. Lindemann, J. Blumm. Measurement of the Thermophysical Properties of Pure Molybdenum. 2009. Vol. 3.
  16. Jim Wilson. Materials Data. August 2007.
  17. Jim Wilson. Materials Data. August 2007.
  18. Jim Wilson. Materials Data. August 2007.
  19. V. Casalegno, P. Vavassori, M. Valle, M. Ferraris, M. Salvo, G. Pintsuk. Measurement of thermal properties of a ceramic/metal joint by laser flash method. 2010. Vol. 407 (2). hlm. 83. doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.09.032.
  20. Jim Wilson. Materials Data. August 2007.
  21. O. Koszor, A. Lindemann, F. Davin, C. Balázsi. Observation of thermophysical and tribological properties of CNT reinforced Si 3 N 4. Key Engineering Materials. 2009. Vol. 409. hlm. 354. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.409.354.
  22. O. Koszor, A. Lindemann, F. Davin, C. Balázsi. Observation of thermophysical and tribological properties of CNT reinforced Si 3 N 4. Key Engineering Materials. 2009. Vol. 409. hlm. 354. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.409.354.
  23. J. Blumm, A. Lindemann. Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique. High Temperatures-High Pressures. 2003/2007. Vol. 35/36 (6). hlm. 627. doi:10.1068/htjr144.
  24. J. Blumm, A. Lindemann. Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique. High Temperatures-High Pressures. 2003/2007. Vol. 35/36 (6). hlm. 627. doi:10.1068/htjr144.
  25. J. Blumm, A. Lindemann. Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique. High Temperatures-High Pressures. 2003/2007. Vol. 35/36 (6). hlm. 627. doi:10.1068/htjr144.
  26. Jim Wilson. Materials Data. August 2007.
  27. J. Blumm, A. Lindemann, M. Meyer, C. Strasser. Characterization of PTFE Using Advanced Thermal Analysis Technique. International Journal of Thermophysics. 2011. Vol. 40 (3-4). hlm. 311. doi:10.1007/s10765-008-0512-z.
  28. J. Blumm, A. Lindemann. Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique. High Temperatures-High Pressures. 2003/2007. Vol. 35/36 (6). hlm. 627. doi:10.1068/htjr144.
  29. Jim Wilson. Materials Data. August 2007.
  30. Jim Wilson. Materials Data. August 2007.
  31. CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. 1992. cited in Ralph Baierlein. Thermal Physics. Cambridge University Press. 1999. hlm. 372. ISBN 0-521-59082-5.
  32. CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. 1992. cited in Ralph Baierlein. Thermal Physics. Cambridge University Press. 1999. hlm. 372. ISBN 0-521-59082-5.
  33. CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. 1992. cited in Ralph Baierlein. Thermal Physics. Cambridge University Press. 1999. hlm. 372. ISBN 0-521-59082-5.
  34. CDC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Publishing Company. 1992. cited in Ralph Baierlein. Thermal Physics. Cambridge University Press. 1999. hlm. 372. ISBN 0-521-59082-5.
  35. Jim Wilson. Materials Data. August 2007.

Sumber dan atribusi

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