Kurkumin: Perbedaan antara revisi
Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 28797654; atribusi sumber disertakan. |
Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi |
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'''Kurkumin''' atau '''diferuloilmetana''' adalah [[senyawa organik|senyawa]] aktif yang ditemukan pada [[kunir|kunyit]], berupa [[polifenol]] dengan rumus kimia C<sub>21</sub>H<sub>20</sub>O<sub>6</sub>. Kurkumin memiliki dua bentuk [[tautomer]]: [[keton]] dan [[enol]]. Struktur keton lebih dominan dalam bentuk [[padat]], sedangkan struktur enol ditemukan dalam bentuk [[cairan]]. Kurkumin merupakan senyawa yang berinteraksi dengan [[asam borat]] menghasilkan senyawa berwarna [[merah]] yang disebut [[rososiania]]. | '''Kurkumin''' atau '''diferuloilmetana''' adalah [[senyawa organik|senyawa]] aktif yang ditemukan pada [[kunir|kunyit]], berupa [[polifenol]] dengan rumus kimia C<sub>21</sub>H<sub>20</sub>O<sub>6</sub>. Kurkumin memiliki dua bentuk [[tautomer]]: [[keton]] dan [[enol]]. Struktur keton lebih dominan dalam bentuk [[padat]], sedangkan struktur enol ditemukan dalam bentuk [[cairan]]. Kurkumin merupakan senyawa yang berinteraksi dengan [[asam borat]] menghasilkan senyawa berwarna [[merah]] yang disebut [[rososiania]]. | ||
Senyawa turunan kurkumin disebut "[[kurkuminoid]]", yang hanya terdapat dua macam, yaitu [[desmetoksikurkumin]] dan [[bis-desmetoksikurkumin]]. Secara ''in vivo'', kurkumin berubah menjadi [[senyawa organik|senyawa]] [[metabolit]] berupa [[dihidrokurkumin]] atau [[tetrahidrokurkumin]] sebelum dikonversi menjadi senyawa [[konjugasi]] [[monoglusuronida]]. | Senyawa turunan kurkumin disebut "[[kurkuminoid]]", yang hanya terdapat dua macam, yaitu [[desmetoksikurkumin]] dan [[bis-desmetoksikurkumin]]. Secara ''in vivo'', kurkumin berubah menjadi [[senyawa organik|senyawa]] [[metabolit]] berupa [[dihidrokurkumin]] atau [[tetrahidrokurkumin]] sebelum dikonversi menjadi senyawa [[konjugasi]] [[monoglusuronida]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10101144 Biotransformation of curcumin through reduction and glucuronidation in mice]. ''Institute of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University; Pan MH, Huang TM, Lin JK''.</ref> | ||
Kurkumin dikenal karena sifat [[antitumor]] dan [[antioksidan]] yang dimilikinya, selain banyak kegunaan medis seperti; | Kurkumin dikenal karena sifat [[antitumor]] dan [[antioksidan]] yang dimilikinya, selain banyak kegunaan medis seperti; | ||
* melindungi [[saraf]], mengurangi risiko [[radang otak]] [[vasospasma]] dan mengembalikan [[homeostasis]] energi pada sistem otak yang terganggu akibat terluka atau [[trauma]]. | * melindungi [[saraf]],<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20553189 Curcumin Exerts Neuroprotective Effects Against Homocysteine Intracerebroventricular Injection-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Oxidative Stress in Rat Brain]. ''Neuroscience Research Center; Ataie A, Sabetkasaei M, Haghparast A, Moghaddam AH, Ataee R, Moghaddam SN''.</ref> mengurangi risiko [[radang otak]] [[vasospasma]]<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18752423 Curcumin attenuates vascular inflammation and cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice]. ''Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia; Wakade C, King MD, Laird MD, Alleyne CH Jr, Dhandapani KM''.</ref> dan mengembalikan [[homeostasis]] energi pada sistem otak yang terganggu akibat terluka atau [[trauma]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19393301 Dietary curcumin supplementation counteracts reduction in levels of molecules involved in energy homeostasis after brain trauma]. ''Department of Physiological Science, UCLA; Sharma S, Zhuang Y, Ying Z, Wu A, Gomez-Pinilla F''.</ref> | ||
* menghambat dan mengurangi penumpukan plak amiloid-beta pada penderita [[Alzheimer]]. | * menghambat dan mengurangi penumpukan plak amiloid-beta pada penderita [[Alzheimer]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15590663 Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo]. ''Department of Medicine, UCLA; Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo''.</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18930076 Inhibitory effect of curcuminoids on acetylcholinesterase activity and attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia may explain medicinal use of turmeric in Alzheimer's disease]. ''Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College; Ahmed T, Gilani AH''.</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19715544 Optimized turmeric extracts have potent anti-amyloidogenic effects]. ''Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine; Shytle RD, Bickford PC, Rezai-zadeh K, Hou L, Zeng J, Tan J, Sanberg PR, Sanberg CD, Roschek B Jr, Fink RC, Alberte RS''.</ref><ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19090986 Immune defects in Alzheimer's disease: new medications development]. ''Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego; Cashman JR, Ghirmai S, Abel KJ, Fiala M''.</ref> | ||
* melindungi [[hati]] , antara lain dari [[hemangioendotelioma]], [[hepatokarsinoma]], [[Hepatitis]] B. | * melindungi [[hati]] , antara lain dari [[hemangioendotelioma]],<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20582974 Potential response to curcumin in infantile hemangioendothelioma of the liver]. ''University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Hassell LA, Roanh LD''.</ref> [[hepatokarsinoma]],<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20450049 [Anticancer activities of curcumin on human hepatocarcinoma cell line Sk-hep-1]]. ''Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Wang W, Zhang B, Chen H, Zhang L''.</ref> [[Hepatitis]] B.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20434445 Curcumin inhibits hepatitis B virus via down-regulation of the metabolic coactivator PGC-1alpha]. ''The Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease; Rechtman MM, Har-Noy O, Bar-Yishay I, Fishman S, Adamovich Y, Shaul Y, Halpern Z, Shlomai A''.</ref> | ||
* melindungi [[pankreas]] dari akibat rasio [[sitokina|sitokin]] yang berlebihan, bahkan setelah [[transplantasi]], serta menurunkan resistansi terhadap [[insulin]] dan [[leptin]] | * melindungi [[pankreas]] dari akibat rasio [[sitokina|sitokin]] yang berlebihan,<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18695642 Novel role of curcumin in the prevention of cytokine-induced islet death in vitro and diabetogenesis in vivo]. ''Tissue Engineering and Banking Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science; Kanitkar M, Gokhale K, Galande S, Bhonde RR''.</ref> bahkan setelah [[transplantasi]],<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19188863 Induction of antioxidant enzymes by curcumin and its analogues in human islets: implications in transplantation]. ''Diabetes Institute for Immunology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota; Balamurugan AN, Akhov L, Selvaraj G, Pugazhenthi S''.</ref> serta menurunkan resistansi terhadap [[insulin]] dan [[leptin]]<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19176142 [The study of insulin resistance and leptin resistance on the model of simplicity obesity rats by curcumin]]. ''Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Yu Y, Hu SK, Yan H''.</ref> | ||
* melindungi [[sel Leydig]] dari pengaruh [[alkohol]]. | * melindungi [[sel Leydig]] dari pengaruh [[alkohol]].<ref>Francesco Giannessi. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18971866 Curcumin protects Leydig cells of mice from damage induced by chronic alcohol administration]. ''Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research''. 2008-11. Vol. 14 (11). hlm. BR237–242.</ref> | ||
* menurunkan peradangan pada jaringan adiposa. | * menurunkan peradangan pada jaringan adiposa.<ref>Amanda M. Gonzales. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18549505 Curcumin and resveratrol inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated cytokine expression in adipocytes]. ''Nutrition & Metabolism''. 2008-06-12. Vol. 5. hlm. 17. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-5-17.</ref> | ||
Selain itu, kurkumin juga: | Selain itu, kurkumin juga: | ||
* menghambat [[indoleamina 2,3-dioksigenase]], sebuah enzim yang berperan dalam degradasi [[triptofan]] pada [[sel dendritik]] yang distimulasi oleh [[liposakarida|LPS]] atau [[interferon]], dan menghambat matangnya sel dendritik. Ekspresi [[siklo oksigenase-2]] yang diinduksi oleh LPS dan produksi [[prostaglandin E2]] akan meningkat, dan mengakibatkan de-ekspresi [[molekul]] [[CD80]], [[CD86]] dan [[kompleks histokompatibilitas utama|MHC I]] dan menghambat produksi [[sitokina]] [[Interleukin-12|IL-12 p70]] dan [[Faktor nekrosis tumor-alfa|TNF-α]]. | * menghambat [[indoleamina 2,3-dioksigenase]], sebuah enzim yang berperan dalam degradasi [[triptofan]] pada [[sel dendritik]] yang distimulasi oleh [[liposakarida|LPS]] atau [[interferon]], dan menghambat matangnya sel dendritik. Ekspresi [[siklo oksigenase-2]] yang diinduksi oleh LPS dan produksi [[prostaglandin E2]] akan meningkat, dan mengakibatkan de-ekspresi [[molekul]] [[CD80]], [[CD86]] dan [[kompleks histokompatibilitas utama|MHC I]] dan menghambat<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17640567 Role of pro-oxidants and antioxidants in the anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects of curcumin (diferuloylmethane)]. ''Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Box 143, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Sandur SK, Ichikawa H, Pandey MK, Kunnumakkara AB, Sung B, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB''.</ref> produksi [[sitokina]] [[Interleukin-12|IL-12 p70]] dan [[Faktor nekrosis tumor-alfa|TNF-α]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20399909 COX-2 and PGE2 signaling is essential for the regulation of IDO expression by curcumin in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells]. ''Department of Microbiology and Immunology and National Research Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation & Regulation, School of Medicine, Pusan National University; Jung ID, Jeong YI, Lee CM, Noh KT, Jeong SK, Chun SH, Choi OH, Park WS, Han J, Shin YK, Kim HW, Yun CH, Park YM''.</ref> | ||
* menghambat [[angiogenesis]]. | * menghambat [[angiogenesis]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18596194 Curcumin inhibits VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells through COX-2 and MAPK inhibition]. ''Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin; Binion DG, Otterson MF, Rafiee P''.</ref> | ||
* menghambat lintasan COX dan LO pada [[metabolisme eikosanoid]]. Kurkumin sangat efektif untuk menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker, seperti kanker payudara, tetapi menunjukkan sifat toksik terhadap kultur [[sel punca]]. | * menghambat lintasan COX<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16786056 Comparison of Anti-inflammatory Activities of Six Curcuma Rhizomes: A Possible Curcuminoid-independent Pathway Mediated by Curcuma phaeocaulis Extract]. ''Tohda C, Nakayama N, Hatanaka F, Komatsu K''.</ref> dan LO pada [[metabolisme eikosanoid]]. Kurkumin sangat efektif untuk menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker, seperti kanker payudara, tetapi menunjukkan sifat toksik terhadap kultur [[sel punca]].<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17651499 Control of the growth of human breast cancer cells in culture by manipulation of arachidonate metabolism]. ''Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Hammamieh R, Sumaida D, Zhang X, Das R, Jett M''.</ref> | ||
Defisiensi COX dapat mengakibatkan [[sindrom Leigh]], SCO2 (''hypertrophic cardiomyopathy''), SCO1 ([[gagal hati]], [[koma ketoasidosis]]), and COX10 (''encephalopathy'', ''tubulopathy'').<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=10486321 A missense mutation of cytochrome oxidase subunit II causes defective assembly and myopathy]. ''University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School; Rahman S, Taanman JW, Cooper JM, Nelson I, Hargreaves I, Meunier B, Hanna MG, García JJ, Capaldi RA, Lake BD, Leonard JV, Schapira AH''.</ref> | |||
== Lihat pula == | == Lihat pula == | ||
* [[Lesitin]] | * [[Lesitin]] | ||
== Referensi == | |||
<references /> | |||
== Sumber dan atribusi == | == Sumber dan atribusi == | ||
Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurkumin&oldid=28797654 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28797654 (2026-01-10T02:36:23Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku. | Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurkumin&oldid=28797654 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28797654 (2026-01-10T02:36:23Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku. | ||
<!-- WIKI_UNISSULA_PRESENTATION_V4 --> | |||
Revisi terkini sejak 29 Agustus 2026 13.57
Kurkumin atau diferuloilmetana adalah senyawa aktif yang ditemukan pada kunyit, berupa polifenol dengan rumus kimia C21H20O6. Kurkumin memiliki dua bentuk tautomer: keton dan enol. Struktur keton lebih dominan dalam bentuk padat, sedangkan struktur enol ditemukan dalam bentuk cairan. Kurkumin merupakan senyawa yang berinteraksi dengan asam borat menghasilkan senyawa berwarna merah yang disebut rososiania.
Senyawa turunan kurkumin disebut "kurkuminoid", yang hanya terdapat dua macam, yaitu desmetoksikurkumin dan bis-desmetoksikurkumin. Secara in vivo, kurkumin berubah menjadi senyawa metabolit berupa dihidrokurkumin atau tetrahidrokurkumin sebelum dikonversi menjadi senyawa konjugasi monoglusuronida.[1]
Kurkumin dikenal karena sifat antitumor dan antioksidan yang dimilikinya, selain banyak kegunaan medis seperti;
- melindungi saraf,[2] mengurangi risiko radang otak vasospasma[3] dan mengembalikan homeostasis energi pada sistem otak yang terganggu akibat terluka atau trauma.[4]
- menghambat dan mengurangi penumpukan plak amiloid-beta pada penderita Alzheimer.[5][6][7][8]
- melindungi hati , antara lain dari hemangioendotelioma,[9] hepatokarsinoma,[10] Hepatitis B.[11]
- melindungi pankreas dari akibat rasio sitokin yang berlebihan,[12] bahkan setelah transplantasi,[13] serta menurunkan resistansi terhadap insulin dan leptin[14]
- melindungi sel Leydig dari pengaruh alkohol.[15]
- menurunkan peradangan pada jaringan adiposa.[16]
Selain itu, kurkumin juga:
- menghambat indoleamina 2,3-dioksigenase, sebuah enzim yang berperan dalam degradasi triptofan pada sel dendritik yang distimulasi oleh LPS atau interferon, dan menghambat matangnya sel dendritik. Ekspresi siklo oksigenase-2 yang diinduksi oleh LPS dan produksi prostaglandin E2 akan meningkat, dan mengakibatkan de-ekspresi molekul CD80, CD86 dan MHC I dan menghambat[17] produksi sitokina IL-12 p70 dan TNF-α.[18]
- menghambat angiogenesis.[19]
- menghambat lintasan COX[20] dan LO pada metabolisme eikosanoid. Kurkumin sangat efektif untuk menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker, seperti kanker payudara, tetapi menunjukkan sifat toksik terhadap kultur sel punca.[21]
Defisiensi COX dapat mengakibatkan sindrom Leigh, SCO2 (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), SCO1 (gagal hati, koma ketoasidosis), and COX10 (encephalopathy, tubulopathy).[22]
Lihat pula
Referensi
- ↑ Biotransformation of curcumin through reduction and glucuronidation in mice. Institute of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University; Pan MH, Huang TM, Lin JK.
- ↑ Curcumin Exerts Neuroprotective Effects Against Homocysteine Intracerebroventricular Injection-Induced Cognitive Impairment and Oxidative Stress in Rat Brain. Neuroscience Research Center; Ataie A, Sabetkasaei M, Haghparast A, Moghaddam AH, Ataee R, Moghaddam SN.
- ↑ Curcumin attenuates vascular inflammation and cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia; Wakade C, King MD, Laird MD, Alleyne CH Jr, Dhandapani KM.
- ↑ Dietary curcumin supplementation counteracts reduction in levels of molecules involved in energy homeostasis after brain trauma. Department of Physiological Science, UCLA; Sharma S, Zhuang Y, Ying Z, Wu A, Gomez-Pinilla F.
- ↑ Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo. Department of Medicine, UCLA; Curcumin inhibits formation of amyloid beta oligomers and fibrils, binds plaques, and reduces amyloid in vivo.
- ↑ Inhibitory effect of curcuminoids on acetylcholinesterase activity and attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia may explain medicinal use of turmeric in Alzheimer's disease. Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, The Aga Khan University Medical College; Ahmed T, Gilani AH.
- ↑ Optimized turmeric extracts have potent anti-amyloidogenic effects. Center for Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine; Shytle RD, Bickford PC, Rezai-zadeh K, Hou L, Zeng J, Tan J, Sanberg PR, Sanberg CD, Roschek B Jr, Fink RC, Alberte RS.
- ↑ Immune defects in Alzheimer's disease: new medications development. Human BioMolecular Research Institute, San Diego; Cashman JR, Ghirmai S, Abel KJ, Fiala M.
- ↑ Potential response to curcumin in infantile hemangioendothelioma of the liver. University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Hassell LA, Roanh LD.
- ↑ [Anticancer activities of curcumin on human hepatocarcinoma cell line Sk-hep-1]. Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Wang W, Zhang B, Chen H, Zhang L.
- ↑ Curcumin inhibits hepatitis B virus via down-regulation of the metabolic coactivator PGC-1alpha. The Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease; Rechtman MM, Har-Noy O, Bar-Yishay I, Fishman S, Adamovich Y, Shaul Y, Halpern Z, Shlomai A.
- ↑ Novel role of curcumin in the prevention of cytokine-induced islet death in vitro and diabetogenesis in vivo. Tissue Engineering and Banking Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science; Kanitkar M, Gokhale K, Galande S, Bhonde RR.
- ↑ Induction of antioxidant enzymes by curcumin and its analogues in human islets: implications in transplantation. Diabetes Institute for Immunology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota; Balamurugan AN, Akhov L, Selvaraj G, Pugazhenthi S.
- ↑ [The study of insulin resistance and leptin resistance on the model of simplicity obesity rats by curcumin]. Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine; Yu Y, Hu SK, Yan H.
- ↑ Francesco Giannessi. Curcumin protects Leydig cells of mice from damage induced by chronic alcohol administration. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2008-11. Vol. 14 (11). hlm. BR237–242.
- ↑ Amanda M. Gonzales. Curcumin and resveratrol inhibit nuclear factor-kappaB-mediated cytokine expression in adipocytes. Nutrition & Metabolism. 2008-06-12. Vol. 5. hlm. 17. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-5-17.
- ↑ Role of pro-oxidants and antioxidants in the anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects of curcumin (diferuloylmethane). Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Box 143, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; Sandur SK, Ichikawa H, Pandey MK, Kunnumakkara AB, Sung B, Sethi G, Aggarwal BB.
- ↑ COX-2 and PGE2 signaling is essential for the regulation of IDO expression by curcumin in murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Department of Microbiology and Immunology and National Research Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Differentiation & Regulation, School of Medicine, Pusan National University; Jung ID, Jeong YI, Lee CM, Noh KT, Jeong SK, Chun SH, Choi OH, Park WS, Han J, Shin YK, Kim HW, Yun CH, Park YM.
- ↑ Curcumin inhibits VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells through COX-2 and MAPK inhibition. Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin; Binion DG, Otterson MF, Rafiee P.
- ↑ Comparison of Anti-inflammatory Activities of Six Curcuma Rhizomes: A Possible Curcuminoid-independent Pathway Mediated by Curcuma phaeocaulis Extract. Tohda C, Nakayama N, Hatanaka F, Komatsu K.
- ↑ Control of the growth of human breast cancer cells in culture by manipulation of arachidonate metabolism. Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Hammamieh R, Sumaida D, Zhang X, Das R, Jett M.
- ↑ A missense mutation of cytochrome oxidase subunit II causes defective assembly and myopathy. University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Free and University College Medical School; Rahman S, Taanman JW, Cooper JM, Nelson I, Hargreaves I, Meunier B, Hanna MG, García JJ, Capaldi RA, Lake BD, Leonard JV, Schapira AH.
Sumber dan atribusi
Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, revisi 28797654 (2026-01-10T02:36:23Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.