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Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi: Perbedaan antara revisi

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! Barbalace<ref>Kenneth Barbalace. [http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/ Periodic Table of Elements]. Environmental Chemistry.com.</ref>
! Barbalace<ref>Kenneth Barbalace. [http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/ Periodic Table of Elements]. Environmental Chemistry.com.</ref>
! WebElements<ref>[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/image-flash/abund-crust.html Abundance in Earth's Crust]. WebElements.com.</ref>
! WebElements<ref>[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/properties/text/image-flash/abund-crust.html Abundance in Earth's Crust]. WebElements.com.</ref>
! Israel Science and Technology<ref>[https://www.science.co.il/elements/?s=Earth List of Periodic Table Elements Sorted by Abundance in Earth's crust]. Israel Science and Technology Homepage.</ref>
! Jefferson Lab<ref>[http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/index.html It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements]. Jefferson Lab.</ref>
! Jefferson Lab<ref>[http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/index.html It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements]. Jefferson Lab.</ref>
! (2016, dalam ton)<ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/ Commodity Statistics and Information]. USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguous (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Facts-and-Figures/World-Nuclear-Power-Reactors-and-Uranium-Requirements/] . WNA.</ref>
! (2016, dalam ton)<ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/ Commodity Statistics and Information]. USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguous (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Facts-and-Figures/World-Nuclear-Power-Reactors-and-Uranium-Requirements/] . WNA.</ref>

Revisi terkini sejak 9 September 2026 06.33

Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi telah diteliti oleh berbagai sumber, dan hasilnya disajikan dalam tabel di bawah ini. Unsur paling melimpah di kerak Bumi adalah oksigen, diikuti silikon, aluminium, dan besi.

Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi, menurut berbagai sumber
Urutan nomor, nama, simbol Kelimpahan unsur di kerak Bumi (ppm, bagian per sejuta) Produksi tahunan
Darling[1] Barbalace[2] WebElements[3] Jefferson Lab[4] (2016, dalam ton)[5]
1 8 oksigen O 466,000 474,000 460,000 467,100 461,000
2 14 silikon Si 277,200 277,100 270,000 276,900 282,000 7,200,000
3 13 aluminium Al 81,300 82,000 82,000 80,700 82,300 57,600,000
4 26 besi Fe 50,000 41,000 63,000 50,500 56,300 1,150,000,000
5 20 kalsium Ca 36,300 41,000 50,000 36,500 41,500
6 11 natrium Na 28,300 23,000 23,000 27,500 23,600 255,000,000
7 12 magnesium Mg 20,900 23,000 29,000 20,800 23,300 1,010,000
8 19 kalium K 25,900 21,000 15,000 25,800 20,900
9 22 titanium Ti 4,400 5,600 6,600 6,200 5,600 6,600,000
10 1 hidrogen H 1,400 1,500 1,400 1,400
11 15 fosfor P 1,200 1,000 1,000 1,300 1,050
12 25 mangan Mn 1,000 950 1,100 900 950 16,000,000
13 9 fluorin F 800 950 540 290 585
14 56 barium Ba 500 340 340 500 425
15 6 karbon C 300 480 1,800 940 200
16 38 stronsium Sr 370 360 370 350,000
17 16 sulfur S 500 260 420 520 350 69,300,000
18 40 zirkonium Zr 190 130 250 165 1,460,000
19 74 tungsten W 160.6 1.1 1.25 86,400
20 23 vanadium V 100 160 190 120 76,000
21 17 klorin Cl 500 130 170 450 145
22 24 kromium Cr 100 100 140 350 102 26,000,000
23 37 rubidium Rb 300 90 60 90
24 28 nikel Ni 80 90 190 84 2,250,000
25 30 seng Zn 75 79 70 11,900,000
26 29 tembaga Cu 100 50 68 60 19,400,000
27 58 cerium Ce 68 60 66.5
28 60 neodymium Nd 38 33 41.5
29 57 lanthanum La 32 34 39
30 39 yttrium Y 30 29 33 6,000
31 7 nitrogen N 50 25 20 19 140,000,000
32 27 cobalt Co 20 30 25 123,000
33 3 lithium Li 20 17 20 35,000
34 41 niobium Nb 20 17 20 64,000
35 31 gallium Ga 18 19 19
36 21 skandium Sc 16 26 22
37 82 timbal Pb 14 10 14 4,820,000
38 62 samarium Sm 7.9 6 7.05
39 90 torium Th 12 6 9.6
40 59 praseodymium Pr 9.5 8.7 9.2
41 5 boron B 950 8.7 10 9,400,000
42 64 gadolinium Gd 7.7 5.2 6.2
43 66 dysprosium Dy 6 6.2 5.2
44 72 hafnium Hf 5.3 3.3 3.0
45 68 erbium Er 3.8 3.0 3.5
46 70 ytterbium Yb 3.3 2.8 3.2
47 55 caesium Cs 3 1.9 3
48 4 beryllium Be 2.6 1.9 2.8 220
49 50 tin Sn 0 2.2 2.2 2.3 280,000
50 63 europium Eu 2.1 1.8 2.0
51 92 uranium U 0 1.8 2.7 74,119
52 73 tantalum Ta 2 1.7 2.0 1,100
53 32 germanium Ge 1.8 1.4 1.5 155
54 42 molybdenum Mo 1.5 1.1 1.2 227,000
55 33 arsenic As 1.5 2.1 1.8 36,500
56 67 holmium Ho 1.4 1.2 1.3
57 65 terbium Tb 1.1 0.94 1.2
58 69 thulium Tm 0.48 0.45 0.52
59 35 bromine Br 0.37 3 2.4 391,000
60 81 thallium Tl 0.6 0.530 0.850 10
61 71 lutetium[6] Lu 0.5
62 51 antimony Sb 0.2 0.2 0.2 130,000
63 53 iodine I 0.14 0.490 0.450 31,600
64 48 cadmium Cd 0.11 0.15 0.15 23,000
65 47 perak Ag 0.070 0.080 0.075 27,000
66 80 raksa Hg 0.05 0.067 0.085 4,500
67 34 selenium Se 0.05 0.05 0.05 2,200
68 49 indium In 0.049 0.160 0.250 655
69 83 bismut Bi 0.048 0.025 0.0085 10,200
70 52 tellurium Te 0.005 0.001 0.001 2,200
71 78 platinum Pt 0.003 0.0037 0.005 172
72 79 emas Au 0.0011 0.0031 0.004 3,100
73 44 ruthenium Ru 0.001 0.001 0.001
74 46 palladium Pd 0.0006 0.0063 0.015 208
75 75 rhenium Re 0.0004 0.0026 0.0007 47.2
76 77 iridium Ir 0.0003 0.0004 0.001
77 45 rhodium Rh 0.0002 0.0007 0.001
78 76 osmium Os 0.0001 0.0018 0.0015

Referensi

  1. ↑ Elements, Terrestrial Abundance. www.daviddarling.info.
  2. ↑ Kenneth Barbalace. Periodic Table of Elements. Environmental Chemistry.com.
  3. ↑ Abundance in Earth's Crust. WebElements.com.
  4. ↑ It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements. Jefferson Lab.
  5. ↑ Commodity Statistics and Information. USGS. All production numbers are for mines, except for Al, Cd, Fe, Ge, In, N, Se (plants, refineries), S (all forms) and As, Br, Mg, Si (unspecified). Data for B, K, Ti, Y are given not for the pure element but for the most common oxide, data for Na and Cl are for NaCl. For many elements like Si, Al, data are ambiguous (many forms produced) and are taken for the pure element. U data is pure element required for consumption by current reactor fleet [1] . WNA.
  6. ↑ John Emsley. Nature's building blocks: an A-Z guide to the elements. Oxford University Press. 2001. hlm. 240–242. ISBN 0-19-850341-5.

Sumber dan atribusi

Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, revisi 21998003 (2022-11-14T15:29:43Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.


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