Peningkatan keasaman air laut: Perbedaan antara revisi

Revisi terkini sejak 28 Agustus 2026 03.57

Peningkatan keasaman air laut adalah peristiwa berkurangnya pH lautan yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan karbon dioksida dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat).^[1] Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan.^[2]^[3] Untuk mempertahankan kesetimbangan kimia, sebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk asam karbonat. Sebagian dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion bikarbonat dan ion hidronium, sehingga meningkatkan keasaman laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14,^[4] yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hidronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.^[5]^[6]

Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme cumi-cumi jumbo (Dosidicus gigas),^[7] penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru,^[8] dan pemutihan koral.

Reaksi kimia

(g) + H₂O (l) (aq) + H₂O (l) H₂CO₃ (aq) HCO₃⁻ (aq) + H⁺ (aq) CO₃²⁻ (aq) + 2 H⁺ (aq)

Reaksi kimia lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti koral untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis plankton. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.^[9] Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada rantai makanan yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan.^[10]^[11] Sebanyak 105 akademi ilmu pengetahuan telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.^[12]

Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam sejarah bumi, seperti peristiwa Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM),^[13] yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.

Lihat pula

Bahan bacaan terkait

Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) (2008). Position analysis: CO₂ emissions and climate change: Ocean impacts and adaptation issues. ISSN: 1835–7911. Hobart, Tasmania.
, (Article preview only).
Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research , report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by National Science Foundation, NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survei, 88pp.
Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting, 260 p. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.

Pranala luar

How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out Scientific American August 9, 2010 by Marah J. Hardt and Carl Safina
Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, report by the Royal Society (UK)
AR4 WG1 Chapter 5: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level , IPCC
State of the Science FACT SHEET: Ocean acidification , NOAA
Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), the primary data analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
Ocean acidification introduction , USGS
Climate change threatening the Southern Ocean , report by CSIRO
The Ocean in a High World, an international science symposium series
The Acid Ocean – the Other Problem with Emission, David Archer (scientist), a RealClimate discussion
Regularly updated "blog" of ocean acidification publications and news, Jean-Pierre Gattuso
Task Force on Ocean Acidification in the Pacific , including recent presentations on ocean acidification, Pacific Science Association
Ocean Acidification , a multimedia, interactive site from The World Ocean Observatory
Acidic Oceans: Why should we care? Perspectives in ocean science, Andrew Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge A video presentation by Prof. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs
Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction April 30, 2012
Ocean acidification virtual lab
Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science , a booklet from the Division on Earth & Life Studies of the United States National Research Council (released April 2011)
Ocean Acidification , a United States National Academy of Sciences/ National Research Council website that includes downloadable figures and interviews with ocean scientists
Ancient Ocean Acidification Intimates Long Recovery from Climate Change, July 22, 2010
Acidification alters fish behavior: higher carbon dioxide in oceans may affect brain chemistry February 25, 2012 Science News
Coordination of international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification. IMBER/SOLAS
Understanding Ocean Acidification -- Educational Site from Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary -- Education Team
Dr. Francisco Chavez on Ocean Acidification – Smithsonian Ocean Portal
European Project of Ocean Acidification (EPOCA), a 4-year-long EU initiative to investigate ocean acidification (initiated June 2008)
Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification (BIOACID), a German initiative funded by BMBF
Ocean Acidification Research Programme (UKOARP), a 5-year-long UK initiative funded by NERC, Defra and DECC
Research Program on Ocean Acidification at the Cluster of Excellence "Future Ocean", Kiel
Ocean Acidification Research Center at University of Alaska Fairbanks
Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Living Marine Organisms: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, May 10, 2007
The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Ocean Acidification: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, April 22, 2010
Ocean Acidification Congressional Research Service
Threatening Oceans from the Inside Out: How Acidification Affects Marine Life, Scientific American
"The Darkening Sea, article in The New Yorker magazine, Nov. 20, 2006 (requires registration)
"Growing Acidity of Oceans May Kill Corals", Washington Post
"Scientists Grapple with Ocean Acidification", ABC News
"Ocean Acidification & Climate", by Clayton Sandell ABC News
A World Without Whales? by Philippe Cousteau, The Huffington Post
http://www.oceana.org/climate/solutions/oceana/acidtest/ , Oceana
The Acid Ocean , Stanford University
Sea Change (Parts One, Two, and Three), The Seattle Times
The Other Problem, an EPOCA-commissioned educational animation created by students from Ridgeway School, Plymouth
Acid Test: The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification, by Natural Resources Defense Council
A Sea Change: Imagine a world without fish , an award-winning documentary and related blog about ocean acidification
Ocean Acidification in a Nutshell , by Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand
Ocean Acidification: An Ecosystem Facing Dissolution by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
CO2SYS , a stand-alone executable (also available in a version for Microsoft Excel/VBA)
seacarb , a R package for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux (also available here)
CSYS, a Matlab script

Referensi

↑ K. Caldeira. Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature. 2003. Vol. 425 (6956). hlm. 365–365. doi:10.1038/425365a.
↑ Frank J. Millero. Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1995. Vol. 59 (4). hlm. 661–677. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O.
↑ R. A. Feely. Impact of Anthropogenic CO 2 on the CaCO 3 System in the Oceans. Science. 2004. Vol. 305 (5682). hlm. 362–366. doi:10.1126/science.1097329.
↑ M. Z. Jacobson. Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 2005. Vol. 110. hlm. D07302. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.
↑ Hall-Spencer, J. M. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature. 2008. Vol. 454 (7200). hlm. 96–9. doi:10.1038/nature07051.
↑ Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop
↑ R. Rosa. Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator. P.n.a.s. 2008. Vol. 105 (52). hlm. 20776–20780. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806886105.
↑ R. Bibby. Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Aquatic Biology. 2008. Vol. 2. hlm. 67–74. doi:10.3354/ab00037.
↑ James C. Orr. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature. 2005. Vol. 437 (7059). hlm. 681–686. doi:10.1038/nature04095.
↑ Cornelia Dean. Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says. New York Times. January 30, 2009.
↑ Robert E. Service. Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble. Science. 13 July 2012. Vol. 337 (6091). hlm. 146–148. doi:10.1126/science.337.6091.146.
↑ IAP. Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification. June 2009., Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.
↑ Zachos, J.C. Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Science. 2005. Vol. 308 (5728). hlm. 1611–1615. doi:10.1126/science.1109004.

Sumber dan atribusi

Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, revisi 29342954 (2026-06-13T22:31:36Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Gambar pada artikel ini bersumber dari Wikimedia Commons dan mengikuti ketentuan lisensi masing-masing berkas. Mohon gunakan konten dan media secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.

[1] K. Caldeira. Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH. Nature. 2003. Vol. 425 (6956). hlm. 365–365. doi:10.1038/425365a.

[2] Frank J. Millero. Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1995. Vol. 59 (4). hlm. 661–677. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O.

[3] R. A. Feely. Impact of Anthropogenic CO 2 on the CaCO 3 System in the Oceans. Science. 2004. Vol. 305 (5682). hlm. 362–366. doi:10.1126/science.1097329.

[4] M. Z. Jacobson. Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry. Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 2005. Vol. 110. hlm. D07302. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.

[5] Hall-Spencer, J. M. Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification. Nature. 2008. Vol. 454 (7200). hlm. 96–9. doi:10.1038/nature07051.

[6] Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop

[7] R. Rosa. Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator. P.n.a.s. 2008. Vol. 105 (52). hlm. 20776–20780. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806886105.

[8] R. Bibby. Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Aquatic Biology. 2008. Vol. 2. hlm. 67–74. doi:10.3354/ab00037.

[9] James C. Orr. Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms. Nature. 2005. Vol. 437 (7059). hlm. 681–686. doi:10.1038/nature04095.

[10] Cornelia Dean. Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says. New York Times. January 30, 2009.

[11] Robert E. Service. Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble. Science. 13 July 2012. Vol. 337 (6091). hlm. 146–148. doi:10.1126/science.337.6091.146.

[12] IAP. Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification. June 2009., Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.

[13] Zachos, J.C. Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Science. 2005. Vol. 308 (5728). hlm. 1611–1615. doi:10.1126/science.1109004.

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@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
-'''Peningkatan keasaman air laut''' adalah peristiwa berkurangnya [[pH]] [[lautan]] yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan [[karbon dioksida]] dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat). Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan. Untuk mempertahankan [[kesetimbangan kimia]], sebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk [[asam karbonat]]. Sebagian dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion [[bikarbonat]] dan ion [[hidronium]], sehingga meningkatkan [[keasaman]] laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14, yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hidronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.
+[[File:Estimated_change_in_annual_mean_sea_surface_pH_from_1770s-1990s_(GLODAP).png|thumb|right|280px|Estimated change in annual mean sea surface pH from 1770s-1990s (GLODAP)]]
-Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme [[cumi-cumi jumbo]] (''Dosidicus gigas''), penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru, dan [[pemutihan koral]].
+'''Peningkatan keasaman air laut''' adalah peristiwa berkurangnya [[pH]] [[lautan]] yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan [[karbon dioksida]] dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat).<ref>K. Caldeira. [http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/Caldeira_Science_Anthropogenic%20Carbon%20and%20ocean%20pH.pdf Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH]. ''Nature''. 2003. Vol. 425 (6956). hlm. 365–365. doi:10.1038/425365a.</ref> Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan.<ref>Frank J. Millero. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001670379400354O Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans]. ''Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta''. 1995. Vol. 59 (4). hlm. 661–677. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O.</ref><ref>R. A. Feely. [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/305/5682/362.abstract Impact of Anthropogenic CO 2 on the CaCO 3 System in the Oceans]. ''Science''. 2004. Vol. 305 (5682). hlm. 362–366. doi:10.1126/science.1097329.</ref> Untuk mempertahankan [[kesetimbangan kimia]], sebagian akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk [[asam karbonat]]. Sebagian dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion [[bikarbonat]] dan ion [[hidronium]], sehingga meningkatkan [[keasaman]] laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14,<ref>M. Z. Jacobson. [http://www.agu.org/journals/ABS/2005/2004JD005220.shtml Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry]. ''Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres''. 2005. Vol. 110. hlm. D07302. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.</ref> yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hidronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.<ref>Hall-Spencer, J. M. [https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2008-07-03_454_7200/page/96 Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification]. ''Nature''. 2008. Vol. 454 (7200). hlm. 96–9. doi:10.1038/nature07051.</ref><ref>[http://www.scor-int.org/OBO2009/A&O_Report.pdf Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop]</ref>
+Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme [[cumi-cumi jumbo]] (''Dosidicus gigas''),<ref>R. Rosa. [http://www.pnas.org/content/105/52/20776.short Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator]. ''P.n.a.s''. 2008. Vol. 105 (52). hlm. 20776–20780. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806886105.</ref> penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru,<ref>R. Bibby. [http://www.int-res.com/abstracts/ab/v2/n1/p67-74/ Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis]. ''Aquatic Biology''. 2008. Vol. 2. hlm. 67–74. doi:10.3354/ab00037.</ref> dan [[pemutihan koral]].
 == Reaksi kimia ==
 : <big> (g) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)   (aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O (l)  H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> (aq)  HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> (aq) + H<sup>+</sup> (aq)  CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq) + 2 H<sup>+</sup> (aq)</big>
-[[Reaksi kimia]] lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti [[koral]] untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis [[plankton]]. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam. Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada [[rantai makanan]] yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan. Sebanyak 105 [[akademi ilmu pengetahuan]] telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.
+[[Reaksi kimia]] lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti [[koral]] untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis [[plankton]]. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.<ref>James C. Orr. [http://www.ipsl.jussieu.fr/~jomce/acidification/paper/Orr_OnlineNature04095.pdf Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms]. ''Nature''. 2005. Vol. 437 (7059). hlm. 681–686. doi:10.1038/nature04095.</ref> Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada [[rantai makanan]] yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan.<ref>Cornelia Dean. [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/31/science/earth/31ocean.html Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says]. New York Times. January 30, 2009.</ref><ref>Robert E. Service. [https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2012-07-13_337_6091/page/n21 Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble]. ''Science''. 13 July 2012. Vol. 337 (6091). hlm. 146–148. doi:10.1126/science.337.6091.146.</ref> Sebanyak 105 [[akademi ilmu pengetahuan]] telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.<ref>IAP. [http://www.interacademies.net/10878/13951.aspx Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification]. June 2009., Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.</ref>
-Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam [[sejarah bumi]], seperti peristiwa ''[[Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]]'' (PETM), yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.
+Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam [[sejarah bumi]], seperti peristiwa ''[[Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum]]'' (PETM),<ref>Zachos, J.C. [https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2005-06-10_308_5728/page/1610 Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum]. ''Science''. 2005. Vol. 308 (5728). hlm. 1611–1615. doi:10.1126/science.1109004.</ref> yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.
 == Lihat pula ==
 * [[Pompa biologis]]
 * [[Gas rumah kaca]]
@@ Baris 18: / Baris 18: @@
 * [[Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum]]
 * [[Dampak lingkungan dari industri batu bara]]
-== Referensi ==
-*
-* . [http://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/the-fourth-carbon-budget-reducing-emissions-through-the-2020s-2/ Report website.]
-* , RS Policy document 10/09. [http://royalsociety.org/policy/publications/2009/geoengineering-climate/ Report website.]
-*
-*
-* .
-* [http://www.wbgu.de/en/special-reports/sr-2006-the-future-oceans/ Report website.]
 == Bahan bacaan terkait ==
 * Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080722034317/http://www.acecrc.org.au/uploaded/117/797619_20pa02_acidification_0805.pdf Position analysis: CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and climate change: Ocean impacts and adaptation issues.] ISSN: 1835–7911. Hobart, Tasmania.
 *
 * , ([http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&colID=1&articleID=00057536-E87F-13F5-A75F83414B7FFE9F Article preview only]).
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 * Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). [http://www.ucar.edu/communications/Final_acidification.pdf Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research] , report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by [[National Science Foundation]], NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survei, 88pp.
 *
 * Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). [http://www.epoca-project.eu/index.php/Home/Guide-to-OA-Research/ Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting], 260 p.&nbsp;Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
 *
 *
 == Pranala luar ==
@@ Baris 62: / Baris 50: @@
 * [http://site.videoproject.com/coralreefs/ Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge]  A video presentation by Prof. [[Ove Hoegh-Guldberg (biologist)|Ove Hoegh-Guldberg]] on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs
 * [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/01/science/new-studies-of-permian-extinction-shed-light-on-the-great-dying.html Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction] April 30, 2012
 * [http://i2i.loven.gu.se/AcidOcean/AcidOcean.htm Ocean acidification virtual lab]
 * [http://dels.nas.edu/Materials/Booklets/Ocean-Acidification/ Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science] , a booklet from the Division on Earth & Life Studies of the [[United States National Research Council]] (released April 2011)
 * [http://oceanacidification.nas.edu/ Ocean Acidification] , a [[United States National Academy of Sciences]]/ National Research Council website that includes downloadable figures and interviews with ocean scientists
@@ Baris 68: / Baris 56: @@
 * [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_4_181/ai_n58571638/ Acidification alters fish behavior: higher carbon dioxide in oceans may affect brain chemistry] February 25, 2012 [[Science News]]
 * [http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3/ Coordination of international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification.]  IMBER/SOLAS
 * [http://www.imber.info/index.php/Science/Working-Groups/SOLAS-IMBER-Carbon/Subgroup-3 Understanding Ocean Acidification -- Educational Site from Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary -- Education Team]
 * [http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-videos/dr-francisco-chavez-ocean-acidification ''Dr. Francisco Chavez on Ocean Acidification'' – Smithsonian Ocean Portal]
 * [http://epoca-project.eu/ European Project of Ocean Acidification] (EPOCA), a 4-year-long [[European Union|EU]] initiative to investigate ocean acidification (initiated June 2008)
@@ Baris 96: / Baris 84: @@
 * [http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/faculty/zeebe_files/CO2_System_in_Seawater/csys.html CSYS], a [[MATLAB|Matlab script]]
+== Referensi ==
+<references />
+== Sumber dan atribusi ==
-== Sumber dan atribusi ==
+Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peningkatan+keasaman+air+laut&oldid=29342954 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 29342954 (2026-06-13T22:31:36Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Gambar pada artikel ini bersumber dari Wikimedia Commons dan mengikuti ketentuan lisensi masing-masing berkas. Mohon gunakan konten dan media secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.
-Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peningkatan+keasaman+air+laut&oldid=29342954 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 29342954 (2026-06-13T22:31:36Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.
+<!-- WIKI_UNISSULA_PRESENTATION_V4 -->

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