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Isotop hafnium: Perbedaan antara revisi

Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Universitas Islam Sultan Agung
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Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 21360550; atribusi sumber disertakan.
 
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Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi
 
Baris 1: Baris 1:
'''[[Hafnium]]''' ('''<sub>72</sub>Hf''') yang terbentuk secara alami terdiri dari lima [[isotop]] [[Isotop stabil|stabil]] (<sup>176</sup>Hf, <sup>177</sup>Hf, <sup>178</sup>Hf, <sup>179</sup>Hf, dan <sup>180</sup>Hf) dan satu [[Radionuklida|radioisotop]] berumur sangat panjang, <sup>174</sup>Hf, dengan [[waktu paruh]]  tahun. Selain itu, ada 30 radioisotop lain yang diketahui, yang paling stabil adalah <sup>182</sup>Hf dengan waktu paruh  tahun. [[Radionuklida punah|Radionuklida yang telah punah]] ini digunakan dalam [[penanggalan hafnium–wolfram]] untuk mempelajari kronologi [[diferensiasi planet]].
'''[[Hafnium]]''' ('''<sub>72</sub>Hf''') yang terbentuk secara alami terdiri dari lima [[isotop]] [[Isotop stabil|stabil]] (<sup>176</sup>Hf, <sup>177</sup>Hf, <sup>178</sup>Hf, <sup>179</sup>Hf, dan <sup>180</sup>Hf) dan satu [[Radionuklida|radioisotop]] berumur sangat panjang, <sup>174</sup>Hf, dengan [[waktu paruh]]  tahun. Selain itu, ada 30 radioisotop lain yang diketahui, yang paling stabil adalah <sup>182</sup>Hf dengan waktu paruh  tahun. [[Radionuklida punah|Radionuklida yang telah punah]] ini digunakan dalam [[penanggalan hafnium–wolfram]] untuk mempelajari kronologi [[diferensiasi planet]].<ref>''Tungsten Isotopes in Planets''. ''Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences''. Agustus 2017. Vol. 45 (1). hlm. 389–417. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020037.</ref>


Tidak ada radioisotop lain yang memiliki waktu paruh lebih dari 1,87 tahun. Kebanyakan isotop memiliki waktu paruh di bawah 1 menit. Ada juga 26 [[isomer nuklir]] yang diketahui, yang paling stabil adalah <sup>178m2</sup>Hf dengan waktu paruh 31 tahun. Semua isotop hafnium bersifat radioaktif atau [[stabil secara pengamatan]], artinya mereka diprediksi bersifat radioaktif tetapi tidak ada peluruhan aktual yang teramati.
Tidak ada radioisotop lain yang memiliki waktu paruh lebih dari 1,87 tahun. Kebanyakan isotop memiliki waktu paruh di bawah 1 menit. Ada juga 26 [[isomer nuklir]] yang diketahui, yang paling stabil adalah <sup>178m2</sup>Hf dengan waktu paruh 31 tahun. Semua isotop hafnium bersifat radioaktif atau [[stabil secara pengamatan]], artinya mereka diprediksi bersifat radioaktif tetapi tidak ada peluruhan aktual yang teramati.


==Daftar isotop==
==Daftar isotop==
 
|-
 
| <sup>153</sup>Hf
| <sup>153</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 16: Baris 15:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>153m</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>153m</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 750(100)#&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 750(100)#&nbsp;keV
Baris 25: Baris 24:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>154</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2|<sup>154</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 36: Baris 35:
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
 
|-
| [[Peluruhan alfa|α]] (langka)
| [[Peluruhan alfa|α]] (langka)
| <sup>150</sup>Yb
| <sup>150</sup>Yb
 
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>155</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2|<sup>155</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 50: Baris 49:
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
 
|-
| α (langka)
| α (langka)
| <sup>151</sup>Yb
| <sup>151</sup>Yb
 
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>156</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2|<sup>156</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 64: Baris 63:
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
 
|-
| β<sup>+</sup> (3%)
| β<sup>+</sup> (3%)
| <sup>156</sup>Lu
| <sup>156</sup>Lu
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>156m</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>156m</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1959,0(10)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1959,0(10)&nbsp;keV
Baris 76: Baris 75:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>157</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2|<sup>157</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 87: Baris 86:
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
 
|-
| β<sup>+</sup> (14%)
| β<sup>+</sup> (14%)
| <sup>157</sup>Lu
| <sup>157</sup>Lu
 
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>158</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2|<sup>158</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 101: Baris 100:
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
 
|-
| α (45%)
| α (45%)
| <sup>154</sup>Yb
| <sup>154</sup>Yb
 
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>159</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2|<sup>159</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 115: Baris 114:
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
 
|-
| α (41%)
| α (41%)
| <sup>155</sup>Yb
| <sup>155</sup>Yb
 
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>160</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2|<sup>160</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 129: Baris 128:
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
 
|-
| α (0,7%)
| α (0,7%)
| <sup>156</sup>Yb
| <sup>156</sup>Yb
 
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>161</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2|<sup>161</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 143: Baris 142:
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
 
|-
| α (0,3%)
| α (0,3%)
| <sup>157</sup>Yb
| <sup>157</sup>Yb
 
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>162</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2|<sup>162</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 157: Baris 156:
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
 
|-
| α (0,008%)
| α (0,008%)
| <sup>158</sup>Yb
| <sup>158</sup>Yb
 
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>163</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2|<sup>163</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 171: Baris 170:
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
 
|-
| α (10<sup>−4</sup>%)
| α (10<sup>−4</sup>%)
| <sup>159</sup>Yb
| <sup>159</sup>Yb
 
|-
| <sup>164</sup>Hf
| <sup>164</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 185: Baris 184:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>165</sup>Hf
| <sup>165</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 196: Baris 195:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>166</sup>Hf
| <sup>166</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 207: Baris 206:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>167</sup>Hf
| <sup>167</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 218: Baris 217:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>168</sup>Hf
| <sup>168</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 229: Baris 228:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>169</sup>Hf
| <sup>169</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 240: Baris 239:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>170</sup>Hf
| <sup>170</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 251: Baris 250:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>171</sup>Hf
| <sup>171</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 262: Baris 261:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>171m</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>171m</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 21,93(9)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 21,93(9)&nbsp;keV
Baris 271: Baris 270:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>172</sup>Hf
| <sup>172</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 282: Baris 281:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>172m</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>172m</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2005,58(11)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2005,58(11)&nbsp;keV
Baris 291: Baris 290:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>173</sup>Hf
| <sup>173</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 302: Baris 301:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>174</sup>Hf
| <sup>174</sup>Hf<ref>Radionuklida primordial</ref>
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 102
| style="text-align:right" | 102
Baris 313: Baris 312:
| 0,0016(1)
| 0,0016(1)
| 0,001619–0,001621
| 0,001619–0,001621
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>174m1</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>174m1</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1549,3&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1549,3&nbsp;keV
Baris 322: Baris 321:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>174m2</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>174m2</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1797,5(20)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1797,5(20)&nbsp;keV
Baris 331: Baris 330:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>174m3</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>174m3</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3311,7&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3311,7&nbsp;keV
Baris 340: Baris 339:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>175</sup>Hf
| <sup>175</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 351: Baris 350:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>176</sup>Hf
| <sup>176</sup>Hf<ref>Digunakan dalam penanggalan lutesium-hafnium</ref>
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 104
| style="text-align:right" | 104
| 175,9414086(24)
| 175,9414086(24)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''[[Stabil Secara Pengamatan]]'''
| colspan=3 align=center|'''[[Stabil Secara Pengamatan]]'''<ref>Diyakini mengalami peluruhan α menjadi ''' 172 Yb'''</ref>
| 0+
| 0+
| 0,0526(7)
| 0,0526(7)
| 0,05206–0,05271
| 0,05206–0,05271
 
|-
| <sup>177</sup>Hf
| <sup>177</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 105
| style="text-align:right" | 105
| 176,9432207(23)
| 176,9432207(23)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stabil Secara Pengamatan'''
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stabil Secara Pengamatan'''<ref>Diyakini mengalami peluruhan α menjadi ''' 173 Yb'''</ref>
| 7/2−
| 7/2−
| 0,1860(9)
| 0,1860(9)
| 0,18593–0,18606
| 0,18593–0,18606
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>177m1</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>177m1</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1315,4504(8)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1315,4504(8)&nbsp;keV
Baris 378: Baris 377:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>177m2</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>177m2</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1342,38(20)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1342,38(20)&nbsp;keV
Baris 387: Baris 386:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>177m3</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>177m3</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2740,02(15)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2740,02(15)&nbsp;keV
Baris 396: Baris 395:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>178</sup>Hf
| <sup>178</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 106
| style="text-align:right" | 106
| 177,9436988(23)
| 177,9436988(23)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stabil Secara Pengamatan'''
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stabil Secara Pengamatan'''<ref>Diyakini mengalami peluruhan α menjadi ''' 174 Yb'''</ref>
| 0+
| 0+
| 0,2728(7)
| 0,2728(7)
| 0,27278–0,27297
| 0,27278–0,27297
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>178m1</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>178m1</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1147,423(5)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1147,423(5)&nbsp;keV
Baris 414: Baris 413:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>178m2</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>178m2</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2445,69(11)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2445,69(11)&nbsp;keV
Baris 423: Baris 422:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>178m3</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>178m3</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2573,5(5)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2573,5(5)&nbsp;keV
Baris 432: Baris 431:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>179</sup>Hf
| <sup>179</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 107
| style="text-align:right" | 107
| 178,9458161(23)
| 178,9458161(23)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stabil Secara Pengamatan'''
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stabil Secara Pengamatan'''<ref>Diyakini mengalami peluruhan α menjadi 175 Yb</ref>
| 9/2+
| 9/2+
| 0,1362(2)
| 0,1362(2)
| 0,13619–0,1363
| 0,13619–0,1363
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>179m1</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>179m1</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 375,0367(25)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 375,0367(25)&nbsp;keV
Baris 450: Baris 449:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>179m2</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>179m2</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1105,84(19)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1105,84(19)&nbsp;keV
Baris 459: Baris 458:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>180</sup>Hf
| <sup>180</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 108
| style="text-align:right" | 108
| 179,9465500(23)
| 179,9465500(23)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stabil Secara Pengamatan'''
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stabil Secara Pengamatan'''<ref>Diyakini mengalami peluruhan α menjadi ''' 176 Yb'''</ref>
| 0+
| 0+
| 0,3508(16)
| 0,3508(16)
| 0,35076–0,351
| 0,35076–0,351
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>180m1</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>180m1</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1141,48(4)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1141,48(4)&nbsp;keV
Baris 477: Baris 476:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>180m2</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>180m2</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1374,15(4)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1374,15(4)&nbsp;keV
Baris 486: Baris 485:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>180m3</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>180m3</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2425,8(10)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2425,8(10)&nbsp;keV
Baris 495: Baris 494:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>180m4</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>180m4</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2486,3(9)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2486,3(9)&nbsp;keV
Baris 504: Baris 503:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>180m5</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>180m5</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2538,3(12)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2538,3(12)&nbsp;keV
Baris 513: Baris 512:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>180m6</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>180m6</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3599,3(18)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3599,3(18)&nbsp;keV
Baris 522: Baris 521:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>181</sup>Hf
| <sup>181</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 533: Baris 532:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>181m1</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>181m1</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 595(3)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 595(3)&nbsp;keV
Baris 542: Baris 541:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>181m2</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>181m2</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1040(10)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1040(10)&nbsp;keV
Baris 551: Baris 550:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>181m3</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>181m3</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1738(10)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1738(10)&nbsp;keV
Baris 560: Baris 559:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>182</sup>Hf
| <sup>182</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 571: Baris 570:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>182m</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>182m</sup>Hf
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1172,88(18)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1172,88(18)&nbsp;keV
Baris 580: Baris 579:
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
 
|-
| IT (42%)
| IT (42%)
| <sup>182</sup>Hf
| <sup>182</sup>Hf
 
|-
| <sup>183</sup>Hf
| <sup>183</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 594: Baris 593:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>184</sup>Hf
| <sup>184</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 605: Baris 604:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>184m</sup>Hf
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>184m</sup>Hf
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1272,4(4)&nbsp;keV
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1272,4(4)&nbsp;keV
Baris 614: Baris 613:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>185</sup>Hf
| <sup>185</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 625: Baris 624:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>186</sup>Hf
| <sup>186</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 636: Baris 635:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>187</sup>Hf
| <sup>187</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 647: Baris 646:
|
|
|
|
 
|-
| <sup>188</sup>Hf
| <sup>188</sup>Hf
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| style="text-align:right" | 72
Baris 659: Baris 658:
|
|


 
== Referensi ==
==Referensi==
<references />
 
* Massa isotop dari:
**
* Komposisi isotop dan massa atom standar dari:
**
**
* Data waktu paruh, spin, dan isomer dipilih dari sumber-sumber berikut.
**
**
**
 
 


== Sumber dan atribusi ==
== Sumber dan atribusi ==


Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isotop+hafnium&oldid=21360550 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 21360550 (2022-07-10T16:21:04Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.
Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isotop+hafnium&oldid=21360550 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 21360550 (2022-07-10T16:21:04Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.
<!-- WIKI_UNISSULA_PRESENTATION_V4 -->

Revisi terkini sejak 27 Agustus 2026 14.13

Hafnium (72Hf) yang terbentuk secara alami terdiri dari lima isotop stabil (176Hf, 177Hf, 178Hf, 179Hf, dan 180Hf) dan satu radioisotop berumur sangat panjang, 174Hf, dengan waktu paruh tahun. Selain itu, ada 30 radioisotop lain yang diketahui, yang paling stabil adalah 182Hf dengan waktu paruh tahun. Radionuklida yang telah punah ini digunakan dalam penanggalan hafnium–wolfram untuk mempelajari kronologi diferensiasi planet.[1]

Tidak ada radioisotop lain yang memiliki waktu paruh lebih dari 1,87 tahun. Kebanyakan isotop memiliki waktu paruh di bawah 1 menit. Ada juga 26 isomer nuklir yang diketahui, yang paling stabil adalah 178m2Hf dengan waktu paruh 31 tahun. Semua isotop hafnium bersifat radioaktif atau stabil secara pengamatan, artinya mereka diprediksi bersifat radioaktif tetapi tidak ada peluruhan aktual yang teramati.

Daftar isotop

|- | 153Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 81 | 152,97069(54)# | 400# mdtk [>200 ndtk] | | | 1/2+# | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 153mHf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 750(100)# keV | 500# mdtk | | | 11/2−# | | |- | rowspan=2|154Hf | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 82 | rowspan=2|153,96486(54)# | rowspan=2|2(1) dtk | β+ | 154Lu | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (langka) | 150Yb |- | rowspan=2|155Hf | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2|154,96339(43)# | rowspan=2|890(120) mdtk | β+ | 155Lu | rowspan=2|7/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (langka) | 151Yb |- | rowspan=2|156Hf | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 84 | rowspan=2|155,95936(22) | rowspan=2|23(1) mdtk | α (97%) | 152Yb | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (3%) | 156Lu |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 156mHf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1959,0(10) keV | 480(40) μdtk | | | 8+ | | |- | rowspan=2|157Hf | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 85 | rowspan=2|156,95840(21)# | rowspan=2|115(1) mdtk | α (86%) | 153Yb | rowspan=2|7/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (14%) | 157Lu |- | rowspan=2|158Hf | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 86 | rowspan=2|157,954799(19) | rowspan=2|2,84(7) dtk | β+ (55%) | 158Lu | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (45%) | 154Yb |- | rowspan=2|159Hf | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87 | rowspan=2|158,953995(18) | rowspan=2|5,20(10) dtk | β+ (59%) | 159Lu | rowspan=2|7/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (41%) | 155Yb |- | rowspan=2|160Hf | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 88 | rowspan=2|159,950684(12) | rowspan=2|13,6(2) dtk | β+ (99,3%) | 160Lu | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0,7%) | 156Yb |- | rowspan=2|161Hf | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 89 | rowspan=2|160,950275(24) | rowspan=2|18,2(5) dtk | β+ (99,7%) | 161Lu | rowspan=2|3/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0,3%) | 157Yb |- | rowspan=2|162Hf | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 90 | rowspan=2|161,94721(1) | rowspan=2|39,4(9) dtk | β+ (99,99%) | 162Lu | rowspan=2|0+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0,008%) | 158Yb |- | rowspan=2|163Hf | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 72 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 91 | rowspan=2|162,94709(3) | rowspan=2|40,0(6) dtk | β+ | 163Lu | rowspan=2|3/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (10−4%) | 159Yb |- | 164Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 92 | 163,944367(22) | 111(8) dtk | β+ | 164Lu | 0+ | | |- | 165Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 93 | 164,94457(3) | 76(4) dtk | β+ | 165Lu | (5/2−) | | |- | 166Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 94 | 165,94218(3) | 6,77(30) mnt | β+ | 166Lu | 0+ | | |- | 167Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 95 | 166,94260(3) | 2,05(5) mnt | β+ | 167Lu | (5/2)− | | |- | 168Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 96 | 167,94057(3) | 25,95(20) mnt | β+ | 168Lu | 0+ | | |- | 169Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 97 | 168,94126(3) | 3,24(4) mnt | β+ | 169Lu | (5/2)− | | |- | 170Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 98 | 169,93961(3) | 16,01(13) jam | EC | 170Lu | 0+ | | |- | 171Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 99 | 170,94049(3) | 12,1(4) jam | β+ | 171Lu | 7/2(+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 171mHf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 21,93(9) keV | 29,5(9) dtk | IT | 171Hf | 1/2(−) | | |- | 172Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 100 | 171,939448(26) | 1,87(3) thn | EC | 172Lu | 0+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 172mHf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2005,58(11) keV | 163(3) ndtk | | | (8−) | | |- | 173Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 101 | 172,94051(3) | 23,6(1) jam | β+ | 173Lu | 1/2− | | |- | 174Hf[2] | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 102 | 173,940046(3) | 2,0(4) thn | α | 170Yb | 0+ | 0,0016(1) | 0,001619–0,001621 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 174m1Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1549,3 keV | 138(4) ndtk | | | (6+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 174m2Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1797,5(20) keV | 2,39(4) μdtk | | | (8−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 174m3Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3311,7 keV | 3,7(2) μdtk | | | (14+) | | |- | 175Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 103 | 174,941509(3) | 70(2) hri | β+ | 175Lu | 5/2− | | |- | 176Hf[3] | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 104 | 175,9414086(24) | colspan=3 align=center|Stabil Secara Pengamatan[4] | 0+ | 0,0526(7) | 0,05206–0,05271 |- | 177Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 105 | 176,9432207(23) | colspan=3 align=center|Stabil Secara Pengamatan[5] | 7/2− | 0,1860(9) | 0,18593–0,18606 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 177m1Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1315,4504(8) keV | 1,09(5) dtk | | | 23/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 177m2Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1342,38(20) keV | 55,9(12) μdtk | | | (19/2−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 177m3Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2740,02(15) keV | 51,4(5) mnt | | | 37/2− | | |- | 178Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 106 | 177,9436988(23) | colspan=3 align=center|Stabil Secara Pengamatan[6] | 0+ | 0,2728(7) | 0,27278–0,27297 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 178m1Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1147,423(5) keV | 4,0(2) dtk | | | 8− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 178m2Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2445,69(11) keV | 31(1) thn | | | 16+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 178m3Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2573,5(5) keV | 68(2) μdtk | | | (14−) | | |- | 179Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 107 | 178,9458161(23) | colspan=3 align=center|Stabil Secara Pengamatan[7] | 9/2+ | 0,1362(2) | 0,13619–0,1363 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 179m1Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 375,0367(25) keV | 18,67(4) dtk | | | 1/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 179m2Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1105,84(19) keV | 25,05(25) hri | | | 25/2− | | |- | 180Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 108 | 179,9465500(23) | colspan=3 align=center|Stabil Secara Pengamatan[8] | 0+ | 0,3508(16) | 0,35076–0,351 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 180m1Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1141,48(4) keV | 5,47(4) jam | | | 8− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 180m2Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1374,15(4) keV | 0,57(2) μdtk | | | (4−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 180m3Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2425,8(10) keV | 15(5) μdtk | | | (10+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 180m4Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2486,3(9) keV | 10(1) μdtk | | | 12+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 180m5Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2538,3(12) keV | >10 μdtk | | | (14+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 180m6Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3599,3(18) keV | 90(10) μdtk | | | (18−) | | |- | 181Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 109 | 180,9491012(23) | 42,39(6) hri | β | 181Ta | 1/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 181m1Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 595(3) keV | 80(5) μdtk | | | (9/2+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 181m2Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1040(10) keV | ~100 μdtk | | | (17/2+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 181m3Hf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1738(10) keV | 1,5(5) mdtk | | | (27/2−) | | |- | 182Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 110 | 181,950554(7) | 8,90(9) thn | β | 182Ta | 0+ | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 182mHf | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1172,88(18) keV | rowspan=2|61,5(15) mnt | β (58%) | 182Ta | rowspan=2|8− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (42%) | 182Hf |- | 183Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 111 | 182,95353(3) | 1,067(17) jam | β | 183Ta | (3/2−) | | |- | 184Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 112 | 183,95545(4) | 4,12(5) jam | β | 184Ta | 0+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 184mHf | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1272,4(4) keV | 48(10) dtk | β | 184Ta | 8− | | |- | 185Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 113 | 184,95882(21)# | 3,5(6) mnt | β | 185Ta | 3/2−# | | |- | 186Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 114 | 185,96089(32)# | 2,6(12) mnt | β | 186Ta | 0+ | | |- | 187Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 115 | 186,96459(43)# | 30# dtk [>300 ndtk] | | | | | |- | 188Hf | style="text-align:right" | 72 | style="text-align:right" | 116 | 187,96685(54)# | 20# dtk [>300 ndtk] | | | 0+ | |

Referensi

  1. Tungsten Isotopes in Planets. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. Agustus 2017. Vol. 45 (1). hlm. 389–417. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-063016-020037.
  2. Radionuklida primordial
  3. Digunakan dalam penanggalan lutesium-hafnium
  4. Diyakini mengalami peluruhan α menjadi 172 Yb
  5. Diyakini mengalami peluruhan α menjadi 173 Yb
  6. Diyakini mengalami peluruhan α menjadi 174 Yb
  7. Diyakini mengalami peluruhan α menjadi 175 Yb
  8. Diyakini mengalami peluruhan α menjadi 176 Yb

Sumber dan atribusi

Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, revisi 21360550 (2022-07-10T16:21:04Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.