Imunofisika

Imunofisika adalah bidang penelitian interdisipliner baru yang mencakup keilmuan imunologi, biologi, fisika, dan kimia untuk menemukan dan memodifikasi mekanisme imun dan patomekanisme dari beberapa penyakit kronis yang diperantarai sistem imun seperti artritis, penyakit radang usus, asma, dan infeksi kronis.

Latar Belakang

Reaksi imun merupakan proses yang diatur dengan ketat dan bergantung pada batasan individu.^[1]^[2] Kesalahan regulasi dapat menyebabkan penyakit inflamasi kronis. Beberapa faktor seperti mekanisme biomolekuler dan faktor fisik dapat memengaruhi sistem imun. Komponen fisik yang memengaruhi kondisi imun antaranya:

Faktor lingkungan seperti tonisitas, pH, tekanan oksigen, dan kondisi redoks sel imun,^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]
Faktor mekanis seperti tekanan jaringan, kekakuan dan motilitas sel,^[10]^[11] dan
Bentuk membran sel seperti komposisi membran dan partikel^[12]

Bidang penelitian imunofisika bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi pengaruh faktor fisikokimia terhadap fungsi sistem imun dalam kesehatan dan penyakit.

Metode

Metode imunofisika meliputi spektroskopi resonansi magnetik inti (NMR), pencitraan resonansi magnetik (MRI), komputasi tomografi energi ganda,^[13] pencitraan mikroskop fluoresensi (FLIM), tomografi optoakustik multispektral (MSOT), sitometri tingkat tinggi,^[14] hamburan mikroskop interferometrik (iSCAT), dan lokalisasi kriogenik optik dalam 3D (COLD)

Aplikasi

Penelitian imunofisika bertujuan untuk membuka perspektif baru dalam pencarian patomekanisme dari penyakit inflamasi yang diperantarai sistem imun, pengembangan metode diagnostik dan deteksi penyakit imun terbaru, dan memajukan penanganan penyakit terkait sistem imun.

Lihat pula

Inflamasi

Referensi

↑ Murphy, Kenneth (Kenneth M.),. Janeway's immunobiology. ISBN 978-0-8153-4505-3.
↑ Carl Nathan. Points of control in inflammation. Nature. 2002-12. Vol. 420 (6917). hlm. 846–852. doi:10.1038/nature01320.
↑ John A. Kellum. Science review: Extracellular acidosis and the immune response: clinical and physiologic implications. Critical Care. 2004-06-16. Vol. 8 (5). hlm. 331. doi:10.1186/cc2900.
↑ Christian Bogdan. Nitric oxide synthase in innate and adaptive immunity: an update. Trends in Immunology. 2015-03-01. Vol. 36 (3). hlm. 161–178. doi:10.1016/j.it.2015.01.003.
↑ Carl Nathan. Beyond oxidative stress: an immunologist's guide to reactive oxygen species. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2013-05. Vol. 13 (5). hlm. 349–361. doi:10.1038/nri3423.
↑ Agnes Machnik. Macrophages regulate salt-dependent volume and blood pressure by a vascular endothelial growth factor-C–dependent buffering mechanism. Nature Medicine. 2009-05. Vol. 15 (5). hlm. 545–552. doi:10.1038/nm.1960.
↑ Jonathan Jantsch. Cutaneous Na+ Storage Strengthens the Antimicrobial Barrier Function of the Skin and Boosts Macrophage-Driven Host Defense. Cell Metabolism. 2015-03-03. Vol. 21 (3). hlm. 493–501. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.003.
↑ Markus Kleinewietfeld. Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic T H 17 cells. Nature. 2013-04. Vol. 496 (7446). hlm. 518–522. doi:10.1038/nature11868.
↑ L. Shapiro. Osmotic regulation of cytokine synthesis in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1995-12-19. Vol. 92 (26). hlm. 12230–12234. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.26.12230.
↑ Meredith E. Fay. Cellular softening mediates leukocyte demargination and trafficking, thereby increasing clinical blood counts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016-02-23. Vol. 113 (8). hlm. 1987–1992. doi:10.1073/pnas.1508920113.
↑ Katarina Riesner. Initiation of acute graft-versus-host disease by angiogenesis. Blood. 2017-04-06. Vol. 129 (14). hlm. 2021–2032. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-08-736314.
↑ Luis E. Muñoz. Nanoparticles size-dependently initiate self-limiting NETosis-driven inflammation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016-10-04. Vol. 113 (40). hlm. E5856–E5865. doi:10.1073/pnas.1602230113.
↑ Cynthia H. McCollough. Dual- and Multi-Energy CT: Principles, Technical Approaches, and Clinical Applications. Radiology. 2015-08-24. Vol. 276 (3). hlm. 637–653. doi:10.1148/radiol.2015142631.
↑ Donald Wlodkowic. Methods in Cell Biology. Academic Press. 2011-01-01. Vol. 102. hlm. 105–125. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374912-3.00005-5.

Sumber dan atribusi

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[1] Murphy, Kenneth (Kenneth M.),. Janeway's immunobiology. ISBN 978-0-8153-4505-3.

[2] Carl Nathan. Points of control in inflammation. Nature. 2002-12. Vol. 420 (6917). hlm. 846–852. doi:10.1038/nature01320.

[3] John A. Kellum. Science review: Extracellular acidosis and the immune response: clinical and physiologic implications. Critical Care. 2004-06-16. Vol. 8 (5). hlm. 331. doi:10.1186/cc2900.

[4] Christian Bogdan. Nitric oxide synthase in innate and adaptive immunity: an update. Trends in Immunology. 2015-03-01. Vol. 36 (3). hlm. 161–178. doi:10.1016/j.it.2015.01.003.

[5] Carl Nathan. Beyond oxidative stress: an immunologist's guide to reactive oxygen species. Nature Reviews Immunology. 2013-05. Vol. 13 (5). hlm. 349–361. doi:10.1038/nri3423.

[6] Agnes Machnik. Macrophages regulate salt-dependent volume and blood pressure by a vascular endothelial growth factor-C–dependent buffering mechanism. Nature Medicine. 2009-05. Vol. 15 (5). hlm. 545–552. doi:10.1038/nm.1960.

[7] Jonathan Jantsch. Cutaneous Na+ Storage Strengthens the Antimicrobial Barrier Function of the Skin and Boosts Macrophage-Driven Host Defense. Cell Metabolism. 2015-03-03. Vol. 21 (3). hlm. 493–501. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.003.

[8] Markus Kleinewietfeld. Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic T H 17 cells. Nature. 2013-04. Vol. 496 (7446). hlm. 518–522. doi:10.1038/nature11868.

[9] L. Shapiro. Osmotic regulation of cytokine synthesis in vitro. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 1995-12-19. Vol. 92 (26). hlm. 12230–12234. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.26.12230.

[10] Meredith E. Fay. Cellular softening mediates leukocyte demargination and trafficking, thereby increasing clinical blood counts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016-02-23. Vol. 113 (8). hlm. 1987–1992. doi:10.1073/pnas.1508920113.

[11] Katarina Riesner. Initiation of acute graft-versus-host disease by angiogenesis. Blood. 2017-04-06. Vol. 129 (14). hlm. 2021–2032. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-08-736314.

[12] Luis E. Muñoz. Nanoparticles size-dependently initiate self-limiting NETosis-driven inflammation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016-10-04. Vol. 113 (40). hlm. E5856–E5865. doi:10.1073/pnas.1602230113.

[13] Cynthia H. McCollough. Dual- and Multi-Energy CT: Principles, Technical Approaches, and Clinical Applications. Radiology. 2015-08-24. Vol. 276 (3). hlm. 637–653. doi:10.1148/radiol.2015142631.

[14] Donald Wlodkowic. Methods in Cell Biology. Academic Press. 2011-01-01. Vol. 102. hlm. 105–125. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374912-3.00005-5.

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