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Komunikasi ilmu

Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Universitas Islam Sultan Agung
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Komunikasi ilmu atau komunikasi sains mencakup sejumlah besar kegiatan yang mengubungkan ilmu dan masyarakat.[1] Tujuan-tujuan umum dari komunikasi ilmu mencakup memberi tahu non-ahli mengenai penemuan-penemuan ilmiah, meningkatkan kesadaran dan minat publik terhadap ilmu, memengaruhi perilaku dan sikap orang, memberi tahu kebijakan publik, serta terlibat dengan komunitas-komunitas yang beragam untuk menghadapi masalah-masalah kemasyarakatan.[2] Istilah "komunikasi ilmu" umumnya merujuk kepada kondisi-kondisi dimana hadirinnya ialah non-ahli dalam bidang ilmiah yang sedang dibahas (penjangkauan, outreach), tetapi beberapa ahli mengkategorikan komunikasi ahli-ke-ahli ("inreach" seperti publikasi dan jurnal ilmiah) sebagai salah satu jenis komunikasi ilmu.[3] Contoh dari penjangkauan mencakup jurnalisme ilmu dan komunikasi kesehatan.[4][5] Karena ilmu memiliki implikasi legal, politik dan moral,[6] komunikasi ilmu dapat berperan sebagai jembatan yang menghubungkan pemangku-pemangku kepentingan berbeda dalam kebijakan publik, industri dan masyarakat sipil.[7]

Komunikator ilmu atau komunikator sains mencakup berbagai jenis orang: ahli sains, jurnalis ilmiah, seniman ilmiah, tenaga kesehatan, pendidik pusat alam, penasehat sains untuk pembuat kebijakan, serta semua orang lainnya yang berkomunikasi dengan khalayak umum mengenai ilmu.[8][9] Mereka umumnya menggunakan teknik-teknik hiburan dan persuasi seperti humor, bercerita dan metafor agar lebih terhubung dengan minat dan nilai penonton.[10][11][12][13]

Komunikasi ilmiah juga hadir sebagai bidang penelitian ilmu sosial[14][15] yang interdisipliner mengenai topik-topik seperti misinformasi,[16][17][18] pendapat publik mengenai teknologi terbaru,[19][20][21] dan politisasi serta polarisasi ilmu.[22][23][24] Selama berdekade-delade, penelitian komunikasi ilmu hanya memiliki pengaruh yang terbatas dalam praktik komunikasi ilmu, begitu juga kebalikannya.[25][26] Namun, kedua komunitas tersebut terus semakin mencoba untuk menjembatani praktik dan penelitian.[27][28][29]

Sebelumnya, alhi akademisi dicegah untuk menghabiskan waktu untuk penjangkauan publik, namun hal itu mulai berubah. Pembri dana riset telah meningkatkan ekspektasi mereka untuk peneliti agar memiliki dampak yang lebih luas dari pada publikasi-publikasi di jurnal akademis.[30] Selain itu, jumlah ilmuwan, terkhususnya mahasiswa muda, yang megekspresikan minat untuk terlibat dalam publik melalui media sosial dan acara tatap muka, bertambah. Namun, mereka masih dihadapi oleh batasan-batasan kelembagaan yang signifikan untuk melakukannya.[31][32]

Komunikasi ilmu berhubungan dekat dengan bidang-bidang pendidikan sains informal, sains khalayak, dan keterlibatan publik dalam sains, serta tidak ada persetujuan umum mengenai bagaimana atau haruskah membedakan masing-masing dari yang telah disebut.[33][34][35][36] Seperti aspek-aspek lainnya dalam kemasyarakatan, komunikasi ilmu dipengaruhi oleh ketidaksetaraan sistemis yang memengaruhi baik inreach[37][38][39][40][41] maupun penjangkauan.[42][43][44][45][46]

Bacaan lanjut

  • Bauer, M & Bucchi, M (eds) (2007). Journalism, Science and Society (London & New York: Routledge).
  • Bucchi, M & Trench, B (eds) (2014). Handbook of Public Communication of Science and Technology (2nd ed.) (London & New York: Routledge).
  • Cartwright, JH & Baker, B (2005). Literature and Science: Social Impact and Interaction (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO).
  • Drake, JL et al. (eds) (2013). New Trends in Earth-Science Outreach and Engagement: The Nature of Communication (Cham, Switzerland: Springer).
  • Fortenberry, RC (2018). Complete Science Communication: A Guide to Connecting with Scientists, Journalists and the Public (London: Royal Society of Chemistry).
  • Gregory, J & Miller, S (1998). Science in Public: Communication, Culture and Credibility (New York: Plenum).
  • Holliman, R et al. (eds) (2009). Investigating Science Communication in the Information Age: Implications for Public Engagement and Popular Media (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2016). Communicating Science Effectively: A Research Agenda (Washington, DC: The National Academies Press).
  • Nelkin, D (1995). Selling Science: How the Press Covers Science & Technology, 2nd edition (New York: WH Freeman).
  • Wilson, A et al. (eds.) (1998). Handbook of Science Communication (Bristol; Philadelphia: Institute of Physics).

Referensi

  1. ↑ Communicating science: a global perspective. 2020. ISBN 978-1-76046-366-3.
  2. ↑ Engineering, and Medicine. Committee on the Science of Science Communication: a Research Agenda National Academies of Sciences. Communicating science effectively: a research agenda. 2017. ISBN 978-0-309-45103-1.
  3. ↑ Sam Illingworth. Effective science communication: a practical guide to surviving as a scientist. IOP Publishing. 2020. hlm. 1–5. doi:10.1088/978-0-7503-2520-2ch1. ISBN 9780750325189.
  4. ↑ Josh Anderson. A View From the Trenches: Interviews With Journalists About Reporting Science News. Science Communication. February 2023. Vol. 45 (1). hlm. 39–64. doi:10.1177/10755470221149156.
  5. ↑ How Science News does science journalism Science News. 2019-10-23.
  6. ↑ Dietram A. Scheufele. Science communication as political communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014-09-16. Vol. 111 (supplement_4). hlm. 13585–13592. doi:10.1073/pnas.1317516111.
  7. ↑ Eric A. Jensen. Evidence-Based Science Communication. Frontiers in Communication. 2020. Vol. 4. doi:10.3389/fcomm.2019.00078. 50x50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  8. ↑ Build Trust in Science for a Better Future. Association of Science Communicators.
  9. ↑ About. Association of Science Communicators.
  10. ↑ sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia
  11. ↑ sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia
  12. ↑ Anthony Dudo. What it means to 'know your audience' when communicating about science. The Conversation. 16 April 2019.
  13. ↑ Michael F. Dahlstrom. Using narratives and storytelling to communicate science with nonexpert audiences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014-09-16. Vol. 111 (supplement_4). hlm. 13614–13620. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320645111.
  14. ↑ Engineering, and Medicine. Committee on the Science of Science Communication: a Research Agenda National Academies of Sciences. Communicating science effectively: a research agenda. 2017. ISBN 978-0-309-45103-1.
  15. ↑ Lars Guenther. Science communication as a field of research: identifying trends, challenges and gaps by analysing research papers. Journal of Science Communication. 2017-05-03. Vol. 16 (2). hlm. A02. doi:10.22323/2.16020202.
  16. ↑ Ullrich K. H. Ecker. The psychological drivers of misinformation belief and its resistance to correction. Nature Reviews Psychology. 2022-01-12. Vol. 1 (1). hlm. 13–29. doi:10.1038/s44159-021-00006-y.
  17. ↑ Dietram A. Scheufele. Science audiences, misinformation, and fake news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2019-04-16. Vol. 116 (16). hlm. 7662–7669. doi:10.1073/pnas.1805871115.
  18. ↑ Nicole M. Krause. The "Infodemic" Infodemic: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of Truth-Claims and the Need for (Not) Combatting Misinformation. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. March 2022. Vol. 700 (1). hlm. 112–123. doi:10.1177/00027162221086263.
  19. ↑ Dietram Scheufele. Engaging Science: Thoughts, Deeds, Analysis and Action. Wellcome Trust. 2006. hlm. 20–25.
  20. ↑ Ashley A. Anderson. The "Nasty Effect:" Online Incivility and Risk Perceptions of Emerging Technologies: Crude comments and concern. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication. April 2014. Vol. 19 (3). hlm. 373–387. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12009.
  21. ↑ Michael A. Cacciatore. Coverage of emerging technologies: A comparison between print and online media. New Media & Society. September 2012. Vol. 14 (6). hlm. 1039–1059. doi:10.1177/1461444812439061.
  22. ↑ Caitlin Drummond. Individuals with greater science literacy and education have more polarized beliefs on controversial science topics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2017-09-05. Vol. 114 (36). hlm. 9587–9592. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704882114.
  23. ↑ Matthew Motta. The Polarizing Effect of the March for Science on Attitudes toward Scientists. PS: Political Science & Politics. October 2018. Vol. 51 (4). hlm. 782–788. doi:10.1017/S1049096518000938.
  24. ↑ Sedona Chinn. Politicization and Polarization in Climate Change News Content, 1985-2017. Science Communication. February 2020. Vol. 42 (1). hlm. 112–129. doi:10.1177/1075547019900290.
  25. ↑ Eric A. Jensen. Evidence-Based Science Communication. Frontiers in Communication. 2020. Vol. 4. doi:10.3389/fcomm.2019.00078. 50x50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  26. ↑ The first detailed empirical analysis of the international research field was commissioned by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research: Alexander Gerber. Science Communication Research: an Empirical Field Analysis. Edition innovare. 2020. ISBN 978-3-947540-02-0.
  27. ↑ about. SciCommBites.
  28. ↑ David Ropeik. Why Climate Change Pundits Aren't Convincing Anyone. Undark. 14 March 2019.
  29. ↑ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Standing Committee on Advancing Science Communication. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 9 April 2023.
  30. ↑ Broader Impacts. NSF - National Science Foundation.
  31. ↑ Kathleen M. Rose. Scientists' incentives and attitudes toward public communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020-01-21. Vol. 117 (3). hlm. 1274–1276. doi:10.1073/pnas.1916740117.
  32. ↑ Mikhaila N. Calice. Public engagement: Faculty lived experiences and perspectives underscore barriers and a changing culture in academia. PLOS ONE. 2022-06-15. Vol. 17 (6). hlm. e0269949. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269949.
  33. ↑ Kirsten Ellenbogen. The Convergence of Informal Science Education and Science Communication. Curator: The Museum Journal. January 2013. Vol. 56 (1). hlm. 11–14. doi:10.1111/cura.12002.
  34. ↑ Communicating the Future: Engaging the Public in Basic Science. SciPEP.
  35. ↑ sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia
  36. ↑ Victoria Y. Martin. Citizen Science as a Means for Increasing Public Engagement in Science: Presumption or Possibility?. Science Communication. April 2017. Vol. 39 (2). hlm. 142–168. doi:10.1177/1075547017696165.
  37. ↑ Collin Bjork. Book Review: H. Glasman-Deal, Science Research Writing for Native and Non-Native Speakers of English. Journal of Second Language Writing. 2022. Vol. 56. doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2022.100877.
  38. ↑ Olivia M. Smith. Peer review perpetuates barriers for historically excluded groups. Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2023-03-13. Vol. 7 (4). hlm. 512–523. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-01999-w.
  39. ↑ Deen Freelon. Inequities of race, place, and gender among the communication citation elite, 2000–2019. Journal of Communication. 2023-02-17. Vol. 73 (4). hlm. 356–367. doi:10.1093/joc/jqad002.
  40. ↑ Xiang Zheng. How parenthood contributes to gender gaps in academia. eLife. 2022-07-13. Vol. 11. hlm. e78909. doi:10.7554/eLife.78909.
  41. ↑ Chaoqun Ni. The gendered nature of authorship. Science Advances. 2021-09-03. Vol. 7 (36). hlm. eabe4639. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe4639.
  42. ↑ Bruce V. Lewenstein. Is Citizen Science a Remedy for Inequality?. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2022. Vol. 700. hlm. 183–194. doi:10.1177/00027162221092697.
  43. ↑ Inoka Amarasekara. Exploring the YouTube science communication gender gap: A sentiment analysis. Public Understanding of Science. January 2019. Vol. 28 (1). hlm. 68–84. doi:10.1177/0963662518786654.
  44. ↑ Jane C. Hu. Gender Differences in Pitching: Results from the TON Pitching Habits Survey. The Open Notebook. 2017-02-14.
  45. ↑ Mariela Santos-Muñiz. On the Shortage of Spanish-Language Science Journalism in U.S. Media. The Open Notebook. 2019-12-10.
  46. ↑ Anti-racist science communication starts with recognising its globally diverse historical footprint. Impact of Social Sciences. 2020-07-01.

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