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Hipokalemia

Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Universitas Islam Sultan Agung
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Hipokalemia adalah kondisi kadar potasium (K+) yang rendah dalam serum darah.[1] Hipokalemia ringan biasanya tidak menimbulkan gejala.[2] Gejala hipokalemia mungkin melibatkan kelelahan, kram kaki, lemas, dan sembelit.[3] Kalium yang rendah juga meningkatkan risiko irama jantung abnormal, sering kali menyebabkan bradikardia, dan dapat menyebabkan henti jantung.[4][5]

Penyebab hipokalemia antara lain muntah, diare, obat-obatan seperti furosemide dan steroid, dialisis, diabetes insipidus, hiperaldosteronisme, hipomagnesemia, dan kurangnya asupan potasium dalam makanan.[6] Kadar potasium normal adalah antara 3,5 dan 5,0 mmol/L (3,5 dan 5,0 mEq/L) kadar di bawah 3,5 mmol/L didefinisikan sebagai hipokalemia.[7][8] Hipokalemia diklasifikasikan sebagai hipokalemia parah bila kadar potasium kurang dari 2,5 mmol/L.[9] Tingkat potasium yang rendah juga dapat dicurigai dari hasil elektrokardiogram (EKG).[10] Hiperkalemia adalah kondisi kadar potasium yang tinggi dalam serum darah.[11]

Kecepatan penggantian potasium tergantung pada ada atau tidaknya gejala atau kelainan pada elektrokardiogram.[12] Kadar potasium yang hanya sedikit di bawah kisaran normal dapat dikelola dengan perubahan pola makan.[13] Kadar potasium yang lebih rendah memerlukan penggantian dengan suplemen baik yang diminum atau diberikan secara intravena.[14] Jika diberikan secara intravena, potasium umumnya diganti dengan kecepatan kurang dari 20 mmol/jam.[15] Larutan yang mengandung potasium konsentrasi tinggi (>40 mmol/L) umumnya harus diberikan menggunakan kateter vena sentral.[16] Penggantian magnesium mungkin juga diperlukan.[17]

Hipokalemia adalah salah satu ketidakseimbangan air-elektrolit yang paling umum dijumpai.[18] Hipokalemia memengaruhi sekitar 20% orang yang dirawat di rumah sakit.[19] Kata hipokalemia berasal dari hipo- 'bawah' + kalium 'kalium atau potasium' + -emia 'kondisi darah'.[20]

Daftar pustaka

Pranala luar

Referensi

  1. ↑ J Soar. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. October 2010. Vol. 81 (10). hlm. 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015.
  2. ↑ J Zieg. Current views on the diagnosis and management of hypokalaemia in children. Acta Paediatrica. July 2016. Vol. 105 (7). hlm. 762–72. doi:10.1111/apa.13398.
  3. ↑ J Soar. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. October 2010. Vol. 81 (10). hlm. 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015.
  4. ↑ J Soar. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. October 2010. Vol. 81 (10). hlm. 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015.
  5. ↑ J Zieg. Current views on the diagnosis and management of hypokalaemia in children. Acta Paediatrica. July 2016. Vol. 105 (7). hlm. 762–72. doi:10.1111/apa.13398.
  6. ↑ J Soar. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. October 2010. Vol. 81 (10). hlm. 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015.
  7. ↑ J Soar. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. October 2010. Vol. 81 (10). hlm. 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015.
  8. ↑ M.S. John Pathy. Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine. Wiley. 2006. Vol. 2. hlm. Appendix. doi:10.1002/047009057X.app01. ISBN 9780470090558.
  9. ↑ J Soar. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. October 2010. Vol. 81 (10). hlm. 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015.
  10. ↑ J Soar. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. October 2010. Vol. 81 (10). hlm. 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015.
  11. ↑ J Soar. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. October 2010. Vol. 81 (10). hlm. 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015.
  12. ↑ J Soar. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. October 2010. Vol. 81 (10). hlm. 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015.
  13. ↑ J Zieg. Current views on the diagnosis and management of hypokalaemia in children. Acta Paediatrica. July 2016. Vol. 105 (7). hlm. 762–72. doi:10.1111/apa.13398.
  14. ↑ J Zieg. Current views on the diagnosis and management of hypokalaemia in children. Acta Paediatrica. July 2016. Vol. 105 (7). hlm. 762–72. doi:10.1111/apa.13398.
  15. ↑ J Soar. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. October 2010. Vol. 81 (10). hlm. 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015.
  16. ↑ J Zieg. Current views on the diagnosis and management of hypokalaemia in children. Acta Paediatrica. July 2016. Vol. 105 (7). hlm. 762–72. doi:10.1111/apa.13398.
  17. ↑ J Soar. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation. October 2010. Vol. 81 (10). hlm. 1400–33. doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.015.
  18. ↑ John Marx. Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013. hlm. 1639. ISBN 978-1455749874.
  19. ↑ John Marx. Rosen's Emergency Medicine - Concepts and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2013. hlm. 1639. ISBN 978-1455749874.
  20. ↑ Barbara Herlihy. The Human Body in Health and Illness. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014. hlm. 487. ISBN 9781455756421.

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