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Isotop niobium

Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Niobium (41Nb) yang terbentuk secara alami hanya terdiri dari satu isotop stabil, 93Nb; oleh karena itu, niobium adalah unsur monoisotop dan mononuklida. Radioisotop yang paling stabil adalah 92Nb dengan waktu paruh 34,7 juta tahun. Isotop niobium dengan umur terpanjang berikutnya adalah 94Nb (waktu paruh: 20.300 tahun) dan 91Nb dengan waktu paruh 680 tahun. Ada juga keadaan meta 93Nb pada 31 keV yang waktu paruhnya 16,13 tahun. Dua puluh tujuh radioisotop lainnya telah dikarakterisasi. Sebagian besar memiliki waktu paruh kurang dari dua jam, kecuali 95Nb (35 hari), 96Nb (23,4 jam) dan 90Nb (14,6 jam). Mode peluruhan utama sebelum 93Nb yang stabil adalah penangkapan elektron dan mode utama setelahnya adalah emisi beta dengan beberapa emisi neutron yang terjadi pada 104–110Nb.

Hanya 95Nb (35 hari) dan 97Nb (72 menit) dan isotop yang lebih berat (waktu paruh dalam detik) yang merupakan produk fisi dalam jumlah yang signifikan, karena isotop lainnya dibayangi oleh isotop stabil atau berumur sangat panjang (93Zr) dari unsur sebelumnya, zirkonium dari produksi melalui peluruhan beta dari fragmen fisi yang kaya neutron. 95Nb adalah produk peluruhan dari 95Zr (64 hari), jadi hilangnya 95Nb dalam bahan bakar nuklir bekas lebih lambat daripada yang diperkirakan dari waktu paruh 35 hari. Sejumlah kecil isotop lain dapat diproduksi sebagai produk fisi langsung.

Daftar isotop

|- | rowspan=3|81Nb | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 41 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 40 | rowspan=3|80,94903(161)# | rowspan=3|<44 ndtk | β+, p | 80Y | rowspan=3|3/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | p | 80Zr |- | β+ | 81Zr |- | 82Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 41 | 81,94313(32)# | 51(5) mdtk | β+ | 82Zr | 0+ | | |- | 83Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 42 | 82,93671(34) | 4,1(3) dtk | β+ | 83Zr | (5/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2|84Nb | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43 | rowspan=2|83,93357(32)# | rowspan=2|9,8(9) dtk | β+ (>99,9%) | 84Zr | rowspan=2|3+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+, p (<0,1%) | 83Y |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 84mNb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 338(10) keV | 103(19) ndtk | | | (5−) | | |- | 85Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 44 | 84,92791(24) | 20,9(7) dtk | β+ | 85Zr | (9/2+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 85mNb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 759,0(10) keV | 12(5) dtk | | | (1/2−) | | |- | 86Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 45 | 85,92504(9) | 88(1) dtk | β+ | 86Zr | (6+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 86mNb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 250(160)# keV | 56(8) dtk | β+ | 86Zr | tinggi | | |- | 87Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 46 | 86,92036(7) | 3,75(9) mnt | β+ | 87Zr | (1/2−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 87mNb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3,84(14) keV | 2,6(1) mnt | β+ | 87Zr | (9/2+)# | | |- | 88Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 47 | 87,91833(11) | 14,55(6) mnt | β+ | 88Zr | (8+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 88mNb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 40(140) keV | 7,8(1) mnt | β+ | 88Zr | (4−) | | |- | 89Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 48 | 88,913418(29) | 2,03(7) jam | β+ | 89Zr | (9/2+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 89mNb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(30)# keV | 1,10(3) jam | β+ | 89Zr | (1/2)− | | |- | 90Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 49 | 89,911265(5) | 14,60(5) jam | β+ | 90Zr | 8+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 90m1Nb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 122,370(22) keV | 63(2) μdtk | | | 6+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 90m2Nb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 124,67(25) keV | 18,81(6) dtk | IT | 90Nb | 4- | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 90m3Nb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 171,10(10) keV | <1 μdtk | | | 7+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 90m4Nb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 382,01(25) keV | 6,19(8) mdtk | | | 1+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 90m5Nb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1880,21(20) keV | 472(13) ndtk | | | (11−) | | |- | rowspan=2|91Nb | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 50 | rowspan=2|90,906996(4) | rowspan=2|680(130) thn | EC (99,98%) | 91Zr | rowspan=2|9/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (0,013%) | 91Zr |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 91m1Nb | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 104,60(5) keV | rowspan=3|60,86(22) hri | IT (93%) | 91Nb | rowspan=3|1/2− | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | EC (7%) | 91Zr |- | β+ (0,0028%) | 91Zr |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 91m2Nb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2034,35(19) keV | 3,76(12) μdtk | | | (17/2−) | | |- | rowspan=2|92Nb | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 51 | rowspan=2|91,907194(3) | rowspan=2|3,47(24) thn | β+ (99,95%) | 92Zr | rowspan=2|(7)+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β− (0,05%) | 92Mo |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 92m1Nb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 135,5(4) keV | 10,15(2) hri | β+ | 92Zr | (2)+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 92m2Nb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 225,7(4) keV | 5,9(2) μdtk | | | (2)− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 92m3Nb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2203,3(4) keV | 167(4) ndtk | | | (11−) | | |- | 93Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 52 | 92,9063781(26) | colspan=3 align=center|Stabil[1] | 9/2+ | 1,0000 | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 93mNb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 30,77(2) keV | 16,13(14) thn | IT | 93Nb | 1/2− | | |- | 94Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 53 | 93,9072839(26) | 203(16) thn | β− | 94Mo | (6)+ | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 94mNb | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 40,902(12) keV | rowspan=2|6,263(4) mnt | IT (99,5%) | 94Nb | rowspan=2|3+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β− (0,5%) | 94Mo |- | 95Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 54 | 94,9068358(21) | 34,991(6) hri | β− | 95Mo | 9/2+ | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 95mNb | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 235,690(20) keV | rowspan=2|3,61(3) hri | IT (94,4%) | 95Nb | rowspan=2|1/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β− (5,6%) | 95Mo |- | 96Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 55 | 95,908101(4) | 23,35(5) jam | β− | 96Mo | 6+ | | |- | 97Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 56 | 96,9080986(27) | 72,1(7) mnt | β− | 97Mo | 9/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 97mNb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 743,35(3) keV | 52,7(18) dtk | IT | 97Nb | 1/2− | | |- | 98Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 57 | 97,910328(6) | 2,86(6) dtk | β− | 98Mo | 1+ | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 98mNb | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 84(4) keV | rowspan=2|51,3(4) mnt | β− (99,9%) | 98Mo | rowspan=2|(5+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (0,1%) | 98Nb |- | 99Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 58 | 98,911618(14) | 15,0(2) dtk | β− | 99Mo | 9/2+ | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 99mNb | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 365,29(14) keV | rowspan=2|2,6(2) mnt | β− (96,2%) | 99Mo | rowspan=2|1/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (3,8%) | 99Nb |- | 100Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 59 | 99,914182(28) | 1,5(2) dtk | β− | 100Mo | 1+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 100mNb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 470(40) keV | 2,99(11) dtk | β− | 100Mo | (4+, 5+) | | |- | 101Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 60 | 100,915252(20) | 7,1(3) dtk | β− | 101Mo | (5/2#)+ | | |- | 102Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 61 | 101,91804(4) | 1,3(2) dtk | β− | 102Mo | 1+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 102mNb | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 130(50) keV | 4,3(4) dtk | β− | 102Mo | tinggi | | |- | 103Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 62 | 102,91914(7) | 1,5(2) dtk | β− | 103Mo | (5/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2|104Nb | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 63 | rowspan=2|103,92246(11) | rowspan=2|4,9(3) dtk | β− (99,94%) | 104Mo | rowspan=2|(1+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (0,06%) | 103Mo |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 104mNb | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 220(120) keV | rowspan=2|940(40) mdtk | β− (99,95%) | 104Mo | rowspan=2|tinggi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (0,05%) | 103Mo |- | rowspan=2|105Nb | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 64 | rowspan=2|104,92394(11) | rowspan=2|2,95(6) dtk | β− (98,3%) | 105Mo | rowspan=2|(5/2+)# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (1,7%) | 104Mo |- | rowspan=2|106Nb | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 65 | rowspan=2|105,92797(21)# | rowspan=2|920(40) mdtk | β− (95,5%) | 106Mo | rowspan=2|2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (4,5%) | 105Mo |- | rowspan=2|107Nb | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66 | rowspan=2|106,93031(43)# | rowspan=2|300(9) mdtk | β− (94%) | 107Mo | rowspan=2|5/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (6%) | 106Mo |- | rowspan=2|108Nb | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 67 | rowspan=2|107,93484(32)# | rowspan=2|0,193(17) dtk | β− (93,8%) | 108Mo | rowspan=2|(2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (6,2%) | 107Mo |- | rowspan=2|109Nb | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 68 | rowspan=2|108,93763(54)# | rowspan=2|190(30) mdtk | β− (69%) | 109Mo | rowspan=2|5/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (69%) | 108Mo |- | rowspan=2|110Nb | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69 | rowspan=2|109,94244(54)# | rowspan=2|170(20) mdtk | β− (60%) | 110Mo | rowspan=2|2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (40%) | 109Mo |- | 111Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 70 | 110,94565(54)# | 80# mdtk [>300 ndtk] | | | 5/2+# | | |- | 112Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 71 | 111,95083(75)# | 60# mdtk [>300 ndtk] | | | 2+# | | |- | 113Nb | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 72 | 112,95470(86)# | 30# mdtk [>300 ndtk] | | | 5/2+# | | |- | 114Nb[2] | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 73 | | | | | | | |- | 115Nb[3] | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 74 | | | | | | | |- | 116Nb[4] | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 75 | | | | | | | |- | 117Nb[5] | style="text-align:right" | 41 | style="text-align:right" | 76 | | | | | | |

Niobium-92

Niobium-92 adalah radionuklida yang telah punah[6] dengan waktu paruh 34,7 juta tahun, meluruh terutama melalui peluruhan β+. Kelimpahan relatifnya terhadap 93Nb yang stabil di Tata Surya awal, diperkirakan 1,7, telah diukur untuk menyelidiki asal-usul inti-p.[7][8] Isotop ini, bersama dengan 94Nb, telah terdeteksi dalam sampel halus niobium terestrial dan mungkin berasal dari pemborbardiran oleh muon sinar kosmik di kerak Bumi.[9]

Referensi

  1. ↑ Secara teoritis mampu mengalami fisi spontan, nuklida paling ringan yang mampu
  2. ↑ Tetsuya Ohnishi. Identification of 45 New Neutron-Rich Isotopes Produced by In-Flight Fission of a 238 U Beam at 345 MeV/nucleon. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. Physical Society of Japan. 2010. Vol. 79. hlm. 073201. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.79.073201.
  3. ↑ Tetsuya Ohnishi. Identification of 45 New Neutron-Rich Isotopes Produced by In-Flight Fission of a 238 U Beam at 345 MeV/nucleon. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. Physical Society of Japan. 2010. Vol. 79. hlm. 073201. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.79.073201.
  4. ↑ Yohei Shimizu. Observation of New Neutron-rich Isotopes among Fission Fragments from In-flight Fission of 345MeV=nucleon 238U: Search for New Isotopes Conducted Concurrently with Decay Measurement Campaigns. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 2018. Vol. 87. hlm. 014203. doi:10.7566/JPSJ.87.014203.
  5. ↑ T. Sumikama. Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110. Physical Review C. 2021. Vol. 103. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614.
  6. ↑ Tsuyoshi Iizuka. The initial abundance and distribution of 92 Nb in the Solar System. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2016. Vol. 439. hlm. 172–181. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.005.
  7. ↑ Tsuyoshi Iizuka. The initial abundance and distribution of 92 Nb in the Solar System. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 2016. Vol. 439. hlm. 172–181. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.005.
  8. ↑ Y Hibiya. THE INITIAL ABUNDANCE OF NIOBIUM-92 IN THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM. 2019.
  9. ↑ Donald D. Clayton. Muon production of 92,94 Nb in the Earth's crust. Nature. 1977. Vol. 266 (5604). hlm. 712–713. doi:10.1038/266712a0.

Sumber dan atribusi

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