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Isotop talium

Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Universitas Islam Sultan Agung
Berkas:Decay Chain(4n+1, Neptunium Series).svg
Decay Chain(4n+1, Neptunium Series)

Talium (81Tl) memiliki 41 isotop dengan massa atom berkisar antara 176 hingga 216. Talium memiliki dua isotop stabil, 203Tl dan 205Tl. 204Tl adalah radioisotop talium yang paling stabil dengan waktu paruh 3,78 tahun. 207Tl, dengan waktu paruh 4,77 menit, memiliki waktu paruh terpanjang dari semua radioisotop talium alami. Semua isotop talium bersifat radioaktif atau stabil secara pengamatan, artinya mereka diprediksi bersifat radioaktif tetapi tidak ada peluruhan aktual yang teramati.

202Tl (waktu paruh 12,23 hari) dapat dibuat dalam siklotron[1] sedangkan 204Tl (waktu paruh 3,78 tahun) dibuat dengan aktivasi neutron dari talium stabil dalam reaktor nuklir.[2]

Dalam keadaan terionisasi penuh, isotop 205Tl dapat menjadi radioaktif, meluruh melalui peluruhan beta menjadi 205Pb,[3] tetapi 203Tl tetap stabil.

205Tl merupakan produk peluruhan dari 209Bi, sebuah isotop yang pernah dianggap stabil tetapi sekarang diketahui mengalami peluruhan alfa dengan waktu paruh yang sangat panjang, yaitu 2,01 tahun.[4] 205Tl berada di ujung rantai peluruhan deret neptunium.

Daftar isotop

|- | 176Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 95 | 176,00059(21)# | 5,2(+30−14) mdtk | | | (3−, 4−, 5−) | | |- | rowspan=2|177Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 96 | rowspan=2|176,996427(27) | rowspan=2|18(5) mdtk | p | 176Hg | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (langka) | 173Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 177mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 807(18) keV | rowspan=2|230(40) μs | p | 176Hg | rowspan=2|(11/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α | 173Au |- | rowspan=2|178Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 97 | rowspan=2|177,99490(12)# | rowspan=2|255(10) mdtk | α | 174Au | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | p (langka) | 177Hg |- | rowspan=2|179Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 98 | rowspan=2|178,99109(5) | rowspan=2|270(30) mdtk | α | 175Au | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | p (langka) | 178Hg |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 179mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 860(30)# keV | rowspan=2|1,60(16) mdtk | α | 175Au | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (langka) | 179Tl |- | rowspan=3|180Tl | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 99 | rowspan=3|179,98991(13)# | rowspan=3|1,5(2) dtk | α (75%) | 176Au | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β+ (25%) | 180Hg |- | EC, fisi (10−4%) | 100Ru, 80Kr[5] |- | rowspan=2|181Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 100 | rowspan=2|180,986257(10) | rowspan=2|3,2(3) dtk | α | 177Au | rowspan=2|1/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ | 181Hg |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 181mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 857(29) keV | rowspan=2|1,7(4) mdtk | α | 177Au | rowspan=2|9/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ | 181Hg |- | rowspan=2|182Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 101 | rowspan=2|181,98567(8) | rowspan=2|2,0(3) dtk | β+ (96%) | 182Hg | rowspan=2|2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (4%) | 178Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 182m1Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(100)# keV | rowspan=2|2,9(5) dtk | α | 178Au | rowspan=2|(7+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (langka) | 182Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 182m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 600(140)# keV | | | | 10− | | |- | rowspan=2|183Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 102 | rowspan=2|182,982193(10) | rowspan=2|6,9(7) dtk | β+ (98%) | 183Hg | rowspan=2|1/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (2%) | 179Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 183m1Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 630(17) keV | rowspan=2|53,3(3) mdtk | IT (99,99%) | 183Tl | rowspan=2|9/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0,01%) | 179Au |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 183m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 976,8(3) keV | 1,48(10) μdtk | | | (13/2+) | | |- | 184Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 103 | 183,98187(5) | 9,7(6) dtk | β+ | 184Hg | 2−# | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 184m1Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(100)# keV | rowspan=2|10# dtk | β+ (97,9%) | 184Hg | rowspan=2|7+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (2,1%) | 180Au |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 184m2Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 500(140)# keV | rowspan=2| 47,1 mdtk | IT (99,911%) | | rowspan=2|(10−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0,089%) | 180Au |- | rowspan=2|185Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104 | rowspan=2|184,97879(6) | rowspan=2|19,5(5) dtk | α | 181Au | rowspan=2|1/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ | 185Hg |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 185mTl | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 452,8(20) keV | rowspan=3|1,93(8) dtk | IT (99,99%) | 185Tl | rowspan=3|9/2−# | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | α (0,01%) | 181Au |- | β+ | 185Hg |- | rowspan=2|186Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 105 | rowspan=2|185,97833(20) | rowspan=2|40# dtk | β+ | 186Hg | rowspan=2|(2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0,006%) | 182Au |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 186m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 320(180) keV | 27,5(10) dtk | β+ | 186Hg | (7+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 186m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 690(180) keV | 2,9(2) dtk | | | (10−) | | |- | rowspan=2|187Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 106 | rowspan=2|186,975906(9) | rowspan=2|~51 dtk | β+ | 187Hg | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (langka) | 183Au |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 187mTl | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 335(3) keV | rowspan=3|15,60(12) dtk | α | 183Au | rowspan=3|(9/2−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | IT | 187Tl |- | β+ | 187Hg |- | 188Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 107 | 187,97601(4) | 71(2) dtk | β+ | 188Hg | (2−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 188m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 40(30) keV | 71(1) dtk | β+ | 188Hg | (7+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 188m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 310(30) keV | 41(4) mdtk | | | (9−) | | |- | 189Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 108 | 188,973588(12) | 2,3(2) mnt | β+ | 189Hg | (1/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 189mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 257,6(13) keV | rowspan=2|1,4(1) mnt | β+ (96%) | 189Hg | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (4%) | 189Tl |- | 190Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 109 | 189,97388(5) | 2,6(3) mnt | β+ | 190Hg | 2(−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 190m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 130(90)# keV | 3,7(3) mnt | β+ | 190Hg | 7(+#) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 190m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 290(70)# keV | 750(40) μdtk | | | (8−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 190m3Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 410(70)# keV | >1 μdtk | | | 9− | | |- | 191Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 110 | 190,971786(8) | 20# mnt | β+ | 191Hg | (1/2+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 191mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 297(7) keV | 5,22(16) mnt | β+ | 191Hg | 9/2(−) | | |- | 192Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 111 | 191,97223(3) | 9,6(4) mnt | β+ | 192Hg | (2−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 192m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 160(50) keV | 10,8(2) mnt | β+ | 192Hg | (7+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 192m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 407(54) keV | 296(5) ndtk | | | (8−) | | |- | 193Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 112 | 192,97067(12) | 21,6(8) mnt | β+ | 193Hg | 1/2(+#) | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 193mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 369(4) keV | rowspan=2|2,11(15) mnt | IT (75%) | 193Tl | rowspan=2|9/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (25%) | 193Hg |- | rowspan=2|194Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 113 | rowspan=2|193,97120(15) | rowspan=2|33,0(5) mnt | β+ | 194Hg | rowspan=2|2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (10−7%) | 190Au |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 194mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 300(200)# keV | 32,8(2) mnt | β+ | 194Hg | (7+) | | |- | 195Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 114 | 194,969774(15) | 1,16(5) jam | β+ | 195Hg | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 195mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 482,63(17) keV | 3,6(4) dtk | IT | 195Tl | 9/2− | | |- | 196Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 115 | 195,970481(13) | 1,84(3) jam | β+ | 196Hg | 2− | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 196mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 394,2(5) keV | rowspan=2|1,41(2) jam | β+ (95,5%) | 196Hg | rowspan=2|(7+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (4,5%) | 196Tl |- | 197Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 116 | 196,969575(18) | 2,84(4) jam | β+ | 197Hg | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 197mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 608,22(8) keV | 540(10) mdtk | IT | 197Tl | 9/2− | | |- | 198Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 117 | 197,97048(9) | 5,3(5) jam | β+ | 198Hg | 2− | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 198m1Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 543,5(4) keV | rowspan=2|1,87(3) jam | β+ (54%) | 198Hg | rowspan=2|7+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (46%) | 198Tl |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 198m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 687,2(5) keV | 150(40) ndtk | | | (5+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 198m3Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 742,3(4) keV | 32,1(10) mdtk | | | (10−)# | | |- | 199Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 118 | 198,96988(3) | 7,42(8) jam | β+ | 199Hg | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 199mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 749,7(3) keV | 28,4(2) mdtk | IT | 199Tl | 9/2− | | |- | 200Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 119 | 199,970963(6) | 26,1(1) jam | β+ | 200Hg | 2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 200m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 753,6(2) keV | 34,3(10) mdtk | IT | 200Tl | 7+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 200m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 762,0(2) keV | 0,33(5) μdtk | | | 5+ | | |- | 201Tl[6] | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 120 | 200,970819(16) | 72,912(17) jam | EC | 201Hg | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 201mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 919,50(9) keV | 2,035(7) mdtk | IT | 201Tl | (9/2−) | | |- | 202Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 121 | 201,972106(16) | 12,23(2) hri | β+ | 202Hg | 2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 202mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 950,19(10) keV | 572(7) μdtk | | | 7+ | | |- | 203Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 122 | 202,9723442(14) | colspan=3 align=center|Stabil Secara Pengamatan[7] | 1/2+ | 0,2952(1) | 0,29494–0,29528 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 203mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3400(300) keV | 7,7(5) μdtk | | | (25/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2|204Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123 | rowspan=2|203,9738635(13) | rowspan=2|3,78(2) thn | β− (97,1%) | 204Pb | rowspan=2|2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | EC (2,9%) | 204Hg |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 204m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1104,0(4) keV | 63(2) μdtk | | | (7)+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 204m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2500(500) keV | 2,6(2) μdtk | | | (12−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 204m3Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3500(500) keV | 1,6(2) μdtk | | | (20+) | | |- | 205Tl[8] | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 124 | 204,9744275(14) | colspan=3 align=center|Stabil Secara Pengamatan[9] | 1/2+ | 0,7048(1) | 0,70472–0,70506 |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 205m1Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3290,63(17) keV | 2,6(2) μdtk | | | 25/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 205m2Tl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 4835,6(15) keV | 235(10) ndtk | | | (35/2–) | | |- | 206Tl | Radium E | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 125 | 205,9761103(15) | 4,200(17) mnt | β− | 206Pb | 0− | Renik[10] | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 206mTl | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2643,11(19) keV | 3,74(3) mnt | IT | 206Tl | (12–) | | |- | 207Tl | Aktinium C | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 126 | 206,977419(6) | 4,77(2) mnt | β− | 207Pb | 1/2+ | Renik[11] | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 207mTl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1348,1(3) keV | rowspan=2|1,33(11) dtk | IT (99,9%) | 207Tl | rowspan=2|11/2– | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β− (0,1%) | 207Pb |- | 208Tl | Torium C" | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 127 | 207,9820187(21) | 3,053(4) mnt | β− | 208Pb | 5+ | Renik[12] | |- | 209Tl | | style="text-align:right" | 81 | style="text-align:right" | 128 | 208,985359(8) | 2,161(7) mnt | β− | 209Pb | 1/2+ | Renik[13] | |- | rowspan=2|210Tl | rowspan=2|Radium C″ | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 129 | rowspan=2|209,990074(12) | rowspan=2|1,30(3) mnt | β− (99,991%) | 210Pb | rowspan=2|(5+)# | rowspan=2| Renik[14] | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (0,009%) | 209Pb |- | rowspan=2|211Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 130 | rowspan=2|210,993480(50) | rowspan=2|80(16) dtk | β− (97,8%) | 211Pb | rowspan=2|1/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (2,2%) | 210Pb |- | rowspan=2|212Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 131 | rowspan=2|211,998340(220)# | rowspan=2|31(8) dtk | β− (98,2%) | 212Pb | rowspan=2|(5+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (1,8%) | 211Pb |- | rowspan=2|213Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 132 | rowspan=2|213,001915(29) | rowspan=2|24(4) dtk | β− (92,4%) | 213Pb | rowspan=2|1/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (7,6%) | 212Pb |- | rowspan=2|214Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133 | rowspan=2|214,006940(210)# | rowspan=2|11(2) dtk | β− (66%) | 214Pb | rowspan=2|5+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (34%) | 213Pb |- | rowspan=2|215Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 134 | rowspan=2|215,010640(320)# | rowspan=2|10(4) dtk | β− (95,4%) | 215Pb | rowspan=2|1/2+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (4,6%) | 214Pb |- | rowspan=2|216Tl | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 81 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 135 | rowspan=2|216,015800(320)# | rowspan=2|6(3) dtk | β− | 216Pb | rowspan=2|5+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β−, n (<11,5%) | 215Pb

Talium-201

Talium-201 (201Tl) adalah sebuah radioisotop sintetis talium. Ia memiliki waktu paruh 73 jam dan meluruh dengan menangkap elektron, memancarkan sinar-X (~70–80 keV), dan foton 135 dan 167 keV dalam kelimpahan total 10%.[15] 201Tl disintesis oleh aktivasi neutron talium stabil dalam reaktor nuklir,[16][17] atau dengan reaksi nuklir 203Tl(p, 3n)201Pb di dalam siklotron, karena 201Pb secara alami meluruh menjadi 201Tl sesudahnya.[18] Ia merupakan radiofarmasi, karena memiliki karakteristik pencitraan yang baik tanpa dosis radiasi pasien yang berlebihan. Ia juga merupakan isotop paling populer yang digunakan untuk iskemia koroner inti talium.[19]

Referensi

  1. ↑ Thallium Research. doe.gov. Departemen Energi AS.
  2. ↑ Manual untuk radioisotop yang diproduksi oleh reaktor dari Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional
  3. ↑ Bound-state beta decay of highly ionized atoms.
  4. ↑ P. Marcillac. Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth. Nature. 2003. Vol. 422 (6934). hlm. 876–878. doi:10.1038/nature01541.
  5. ↑ E. S. Reich. Mercury serves up a nuclear surprise: a new type of fission. Scientific American. 2010.
  6. ↑ Isotop utama yang digunakan dalam skintigrafi
  7. ↑ Diyakini mengalami peluruhan α menjadi 199 Au
  8. ↑ Produk peluruhan akhir dari rantai peluruhan 4n+1 (deret neptunium)
  9. ↑ Diyakini mengalami peluruhan α menjadi 201 Au
  10. ↑ Produk peluruhan antara dari 238 U
  11. ↑ Produk peluruhan antara dari 235 U
  12. ↑ Produk peluruhan antara dari 232 Th
  13. ↑ Produk peluruhan antara dari 237 Np
  14. ↑ Produk peluruhan antara dari 238 U
  15. ↑ sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia
  16. ↑ sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia
  17. ↑ Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes. Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional. 2003.
  18. ↑ Cyclotron Produced Radionuclides: Principles and Practice. Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional. 2008. ISBN 9789201002082.
  19. ↑ Jamshid Maddahi. Cardiac SPECT imaging. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001. hlm. 155–178. ISBN 978-0-7817-2007-6.

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