Lihat sumber Isotop niobium

'''[[Niobium]]''' ('''<sub>41</sub>Nb''') yang terbentuk secara alami hanya terdiri dari satu [[isotop]] [[Isotop stabil|stabil]], <sup>93</sup>Nb; oleh karena itu, niobium adalah [[unsur monoisotop]] dan [[Unsur mononuklida|mononuklida]]. [[Radionuklida|Radioisotop]] yang paling stabil adalah <sup>92</sup>Nb dengan [[waktu paruh]] 34,7 juta tahun. Isotop niobium dengan umur terpanjang berikutnya adalah <sup>94</sup>Nb (waktu paruh: 20.300 tahun) dan <sup>91</sup>Nb dengan waktu paruh 680 tahun. Ada juga [[Isomer nuklir|keadaan meta]] <sup>93</sup>Nb pada 31 [[Elektronvolt|keV]] yang waktu paruhnya 16,13 tahun. Dua puluh tujuh radioisotop lainnya telah dikarakterisasi. Sebagian besar memiliki waktu paruh kurang dari dua jam, kecuali <sup>95</sup>Nb (35 hari), <sup>96</sup>Nb (23,4 jam) dan <sup>90</sup>Nb (14,6 jam). [[Peluruhan radioaktif#Mode peluruhan|Mode peluruhan]] utama sebelum <sup>93</sup>Nb yang stabil adalah [[penangkapan elektron]] dan mode utama setelahnya adalah [[Peluruhan beta|emisi beta]] dengan beberapa [[emisi neutron]] yang terjadi pada <sup>104–110</sup>Nb.

Hanya <sup>95</sup>Nb (35 hari) dan <sup>97</sup>Nb (72 menit) dan isotop yang lebih berat (waktu paruh dalam detik) yang merupakan [[produk fisi]] dalam jumlah yang signifikan, karena isotop lainnya dibayangi oleh isotop stabil atau berumur sangat panjang ([[Zirkonium-93|<sup>93</sup>Zr]]) dari unsur sebelumnya, [[zirkonium]] dari produksi melalui [[peluruhan beta]] dari [[Produk pembelahan atom|fragmen fisi]] yang kaya neutron. <sup>95</sup>Nb adalah [[produk peluruhan]] dari [[Zirkonium-95|<sup>95</sup>Zr]] (64 hari), jadi hilangnya <sup>95</sup>Nb dalam [[bahan bakar nuklir bekas]] lebih lambat daripada yang diperkirakan dari waktu paruh 35 hari. Sejumlah kecil isotop lain dapat diproduksi sebagai produk fisi langsung.

==Daftar isotop==
|-
| rowspan=3|<sup>81</sup>Nb
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 41
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 40
| rowspan=3|80,94903(161)#
| rowspan=3|<44&nbsp;[[Nano-|n]]dtk
| [[Peluruhan beta|β<sup>+</sup>]], [[Emisi proton|p]]
| <sup>80</sup>Y
| rowspan=3|3/2−#
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| p
| <sup>80</sup>Zr
|-
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>81</sup>Zr
|-
| <sup>82</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| 81,94313(32)#
| 51(5)&nbsp;[[Mili-|m]]dtk
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>82</sup>Zr
| 0+
|
|
|-
| <sup>83</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 42
| 82,93671(34)
| 4,1(3)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>83</sup>Zr
| (5/2+)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>84</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 43
| rowspan=2|83,93357(32)#
| rowspan=2|9,8(9)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>+</sup> (>99,9%)
| <sup>84</sup>Zr
| rowspan=2|3+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>+</sup>, p (<0,1%)
| <sup>83</sup>Y
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>84m</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 338(10)&nbsp;keV
| 103(19)&nbsp;ndtk
|
|
| (5−)
|
|
|-
| <sup>85</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 44
| 84,92791(24)
| 20,9(7)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>85</sup>Zr
| (9/2+)
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>85m</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 759,0(10)&nbsp;keV
| 12(5)&nbsp;dtk
|
|
| (1/2−)
|
|
|-
| <sup>86</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 45
| 85,92504(9)
| 88(1)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>86</sup>Zr
| (6+)
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>86m</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 250(160)#&nbsp;keV
| 56(8)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>86</sup>Zr
| tinggi
|
|
|-
| <sup>87</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 46
| 86,92036(7)
| 3,75(9)&nbsp;mnt
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>87</sup>Zr
| (1/2−)
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>87m</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 3,84(14)&nbsp;keV
| 2,6(1)&nbsp;mnt
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>87</sup>Zr
| (9/2+)#
|
|
|-
| <sup>88</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 47
| 87,91833(11)
| 14,55(6)&nbsp;mnt
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>88</sup>Zr
| (8+)
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>88m</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 40(140)&nbsp;keV
| 7,8(1)&nbsp;mnt
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>88</sup>Zr
| (4−)
|
|
|-
| <sup>89</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 48
| 88,913418(29)
| 2,03(7)&nbsp;jam
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>89</sup>Zr
| (9/2+)
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>89m</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 0(30)#&nbsp;keV
| 1,10(3)&nbsp;jam
| β<sup>+</sup>
| <sup>89</sup>Zr
| (1/2)−
|
|
|-
| <sup>90</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 49
| 89,911265(5)
| 14,60(5)&nbsp;jam
| β<sup>+</sup>
| '''<sup>90</sup>Zr'''
| 8+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>90m1</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 122,370(22)&nbsp;keV
| 63(2)&nbsp;[[Mikro-|μ]]dtk
|
|
| 6+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>90m2</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 124,67(25)&nbsp;keV
| 18,81(6)&nbsp;dtk
| [[Transisi isomerik|IT]]
| <sup>90</sup>Nb
| 4-
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>90m3</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 171,10(10)&nbsp;keV
| <1&nbsp;μdtk
|
|
| 7+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>90m4</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 382,01(25)&nbsp;keV
| 6,19(8)&nbsp;mdtk
|
|
| 1+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>90m5</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1880,21(20)&nbsp;keV
| 472(13)&nbsp;ndtk
|
|
| (11−)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>91</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 50
| rowspan=2|90,906996(4)
| rowspan=2|680(130) thn
| [[Penangkapan elektron|EC]] (99,98%)
| '''<sup>91</sup>Zr'''
| rowspan=2|9/2+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>+</sup> (0,013%)
| '''<sup>91</sup>Zr'''
|-
| rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>91m1</sup>Nb
| rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 104,60(5)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=3|60,86(22)&nbsp;hri
| IT (93%)
| <sup>91</sup>Nb
| rowspan=3|1/2−
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3|
|-
| EC (7%)
| '''<sup>91</sup>Zr'''
|-
| β<sup>+</sup> (0,0028%)
| '''<sup>91</sup>Zr'''
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>91m2</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2034,35(19)&nbsp;keV
| 3,76(12)&nbsp;μdtk
|
|
| (17/2−)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>92</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 51
| rowspan=2|91,907194(3)
| rowspan=2|3,47(24) thn
| β<sup>+</sup> (99,95%)
| '''<sup>92</sup>Zr'''
| rowspan=2|(7)+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup> (0,05%)
| '''<sup>92</sup>Mo'''
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>92m1</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 135,5(4)&nbsp;keV
| 10,15(2)&nbsp;hri
| β<sup>+</sup>
| '''<sup>92</sup>Zr'''
| (2)+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>92m2</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 225,7(4)&nbsp;keV
| 5,9(2)&nbsp;μdtk
|
|
| (2)−
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>92m3</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2203,3(4)&nbsp;keV
| 167(4)&nbsp;ndtk
|
|
| (11−)
|
|
|-
| <sup>93</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 52
| 92,9063781(26)
| colspan=3 align=center|'''Stabil'''<ref>Secara teoritis mampu mengalami fisi spontan, nuklida paling ringan yang mampu</ref>
| 9/2+
| 1,0000
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>93m</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 30,77(2)&nbsp;keV
| 16,13(14) thn
| IT
| '''<sup>93</sup>Nb'''
| 1/2−
|
|
|-
| <sup>94</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 53
| 93,9072839(26)
| 203(16) thn
| β<sup>−</sup>
| '''<sup>94</sup>Mo'''
| (6)+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>94m</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 40,902(12)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|6,263(4)&nbsp;mnt
| IT (99,5%)
| <sup>94</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2|3+
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup> (0,5%)
| '''<sup>94</sup>Mo'''
|-
| <sup>95</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 54
| 94,9068358(21)
| 34,991(6)&nbsp;hri
| β<sup>−</sup>
| '''<sup>95</sup>Mo'''
| 9/2+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>95m</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 235,690(20)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|3,61(3)&nbsp;hri
| IT (94,4%)
| <sup>95</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2|1/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup> (5,6%)
| '''<sup>95</sup>Mo'''
|-
| <sup>96</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 55
| 95,908101(4)
| 23,35(5)&nbsp;jam
| β<sup>−</sup>
| '''<sup>96</sup>Mo'''
| 6+
|
|
|-
| <sup>97</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 56
| 96,9080986(27)
| 72,1(7)&nbsp;mnt
| β<sup>−</sup>
| '''<sup>97</sup>Mo'''
| 9/2+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>97m</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 743,35(3)&nbsp;keV
| 52,7(18)&nbsp;dtk
| IT
| <sup>97</sup>Nb
| 1/2−
|
|
|-
| <sup>98</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 57
| 97,910328(6)
| 2,86(6)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>−</sup>
| '''<sup>98</sup>Mo'''
| 1+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>98m</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 84(4)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|51,3(4)&nbsp;mnt
| β<sup>−</sup> (99,9%)
| '''<sup>98</sup>Mo'''
| rowspan=2|(5+)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (0,1%)
| <sup>98</sup>Nb
|-
| <sup>99</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 58
| 98,911618(14)
| 15,0(2)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>99</sup>Mo
| 9/2+
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>99m</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 365,29(14)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|2,6(2)&nbsp;mnt
| β<sup>−</sup> (96,2%)
| <sup>99</sup>Mo
| rowspan=2|1/2−
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (3,8%)
| <sup>99</sup>Nb
|-
| <sup>100</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 59
| 99,914182(28)
| 1,5(2)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>−</sup>
| '''''<sup>100</sup>Mo'''''
| 1+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>100m</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 470(40)&nbsp;keV
| 2,99(11)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>−</sup>
| '''''<sup>100</sup>Mo'''''
| (4+, 5+)
|
|
|-
| <sup>101</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 60
| 100,915252(20)
| 7,1(3)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>101</sup>Mo
| (5/2#)+
|
|
|-
| <sup>102</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 61
| 101,91804(4)
| 1,3(2)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>102</sup>Mo
| 1+
|
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>102m</sup>Nb
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 130(50)&nbsp;keV
| 4,3(4)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>102</sup>Mo
| tinggi
|
|
|-
| <sup>103</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 62
| 102,91914(7)
| 1,5(2)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>−</sup>
| <sup>103</sup>Mo
| (5/2+)
|
|
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>104</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 63
| rowspan=2|103,92246(11)
| rowspan=2|4,9(3)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>−</sup> (99,94%)
| <sup>104</sup>Mo
| rowspan=2|(1+)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, [[Emisi neutron|n]] (0,06%)
| <sup>103</sup>Mo
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | <sup>104m</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 220(120)&nbsp;keV
| rowspan=2|940(40)&nbsp;mdtk
| β<sup>−</sup> (99,95%)
| <sup>104</sup>Mo
| rowspan=2|tinggi
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (0,05%)
| <sup>103</sup>Mo
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>105</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 64
| rowspan=2|104,92394(11)
| rowspan=2|2,95(6)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>−</sup> (98,3%)
| <sup>105</sup>Mo
| rowspan=2|(5/2+)#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (1,7%)
| <sup>104</sup>Mo
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>106</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 65
| rowspan=2|105,92797(21)#
| rowspan=2|920(40)&nbsp;mdtk
| β<sup>−</sup> (95,5%)
| <sup>106</sup>Mo
| rowspan=2|2+#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (4,5%)
| <sup>105</sup>Mo
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>107</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 66
| rowspan=2|106,93031(43)#
| rowspan=2|300(9)&nbsp;mdtk
| β<sup>−</sup> (94%)
| <sup>107</sup>Mo
| rowspan=2|5/2+#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (6%)
| <sup>106</sup>Mo
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>108</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 67
| rowspan=2|107,93484(32)#
| rowspan=2|0,193(17)&nbsp;dtk
| β<sup>−</sup> (93,8%)
| <sup>108</sup>Mo
| rowspan=2|(2+)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (6,2%)
| <sup>107</sup>Mo
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>109</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 68
| rowspan=2|108,93763(54)#
| rowspan=2|190(30)&nbsp;mdtk
| β<sup>−</sup> (69%)
| <sup>109</sup>Mo
| rowspan=2|5/2+#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (69%)
| <sup>108</sup>Mo
|-
| rowspan=2|<sup>110</sup>Nb
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 41
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 69
| rowspan=2|109,94244(54)#
| rowspan=2|170(20)&nbsp;mdtk
| β<sup>−</sup> (60%)
| <sup>110</sup>Mo
| rowspan=2|2+#
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β<sup>−</sup>, n (40%)
| <sup>109</sup>Mo
|-
| <sup>111</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 70
| 110,94565(54)#
| 80#&nbsp;mdtk [>300&nbsp;ndtk]
|
|
| 5/2+#
|
|
|-
| <sup>112</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 71
| 111,95083(75)#
| 60#&nbsp;mdtk [>300&nbsp;ndtk]
|
|
| 2+#
|
|
|-
| <sup>113</sup>Nb
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 72
| 112,95470(86)#
| 30#&nbsp;mdtk [>300&nbsp;ndtk]
|
|
| 5/2+#
|
|
|-
| <sup>114</sup>Nb<ref>Tetsuya Ohnishi. ''Identification of 45 New Neutron-Rich Isotopes Produced by In-Flight Fission of a 238 U Beam at 345 MeV/nucleon''. ''J. Phys. Soc. Jpn''. Physical Society of Japan. 2010. Vol. 79. hlm. 073201. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.79.073201.</ref>
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| style="text-align:right" | 73
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| <sup>115</sup>Nb<ref>Tetsuya Ohnishi. ''Identification of 45 New Neutron-Rich Isotopes Produced by In-Flight Fission of a 238 U Beam at 345 MeV/nucleon''. ''J. Phys. Soc. Jpn''. Physical Society of Japan. 2010. Vol. 79. hlm. 073201. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.79.073201.</ref>
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 74
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| <sup>116</sup>Nb<ref>Yohei Shimizu. [https://journals.jps.jp/doi/pdf/10.7566/JPSJ.87.014203 Observation of New Neutron-rich Isotopes among Fission Fragments from In-flight Fission of 345MeV=nucleon 238U: Search for New Isotopes Conducted Concurrently with Decay Measurement Campaigns]. ''Journal of the Physical Society of Japan''. 2018. Vol. 87. hlm. 014203. doi:10.7566/JPSJ.87.014203.</ref>
| style="text-align:right" | 41
| style="text-align:right" | 75
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| <sup>117</sup>Nb<ref>T. Sumikama. [https://journals.aps.org/prc/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614 Observation of new neutron-rich isotopes in the vicinity of Zr110]. ''Physical Review C''. 2021. Vol. 103. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.103.014614.</ref>
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==Niobium-92==
'''Niobium-92''' adalah [[Radionuklida punah|radionuklida yang telah punah]]<ref>Tsuyoshi Iizuka. ''The initial abundance and distribution of 92 Nb in the Solar System''. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters''. 2016. Vol. 439. hlm. 172–181. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.005.</ref> dengan [[waktu paruh]] 34,7 juta tahun, meluruh terutama melalui [[Emisi positron|peluruhan β<sup>+</sup>]]. Kelimpahan relatifnya terhadap <sup>93</sup>Nb yang stabil di Tata Surya awal, diperkirakan 1,7, telah diukur untuk menyelidiki asal-usul [[inti-p]].<ref>Tsuyoshi Iizuka. ''The initial abundance and distribution of 92 Nb in the Solar System''. ''Earth and Planetary Science Letters''. 2016. Vol. 439. hlm. 172–181. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.02.005.</ref><ref>Y Hibiya. [https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/1781.pdf THE INITIAL ABUNDANCE OF NIOBIUM-92 IN THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM]. 2019.</ref> Isotop ini, bersama dengan <sup>94</sup>Nb, telah terdeteksi dalam sampel halus niobium terestrial dan mungkin berasal dari pemborbardiran oleh [[muon]] [[sinar kosmik]] di kerak Bumi.<ref>Donald D. Clayton. ''Muon production of 92,94 Nb in the Earth's crust''. ''Nature''. 1977. Vol. 266 (5604). hlm. 712–713. doi:10.1038/266712a0.</ref>

== Referensi ==
<references />

== Sumber dan atribusi ==

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