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Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

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'''Teofilin/efedrin''' ([[Nama Generik Internasional|INN]]) adalah formulasi [[Obat kombinasi|kombinasi dosis tetap]] dari [[teofilin]], suatu [[antagonis reseptor]] [[adenosin]]; dengan [[efedrin]], suatu agen pelepas [[Noradrenalin|norepinefrin]] dan agen [[simpatomimetik]] yang bekerja secara tidak langsung; yang telah digunakan sebagai [[bronkodilator]] dalam pengobatan [[asma]] dan sebagai [[dekongestan]] hidung. Obat ini pertama kali dipelajari dan digunakan untuk mengobati asma pada tahun 1930-an atau 1940-an dan kombinasi kedua obat tersebut kemudian digunakan secara luas. Rasio teofilin dan efedrin 5:1 biasanya digunakan dalam kombinasi obat-obatan tersebut. Penelitian selanjutnya menemukan bahwa kombinasi tersebut tidak lebih efektif untuk asma daripada teofilin saja tetapi menghasilkan lebih banyak [[efek samping]].
'''Teofilin/efedrin''' ([[Nama Generik Internasional|INN]])<ref>[https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-risk-safety-in-medicine_1991_2_4/page/171 Classifying improvements to drug marketing and justifications for claims of efficacy]. ''The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine''. 1991. Vol. 2 (4). hlm. 171–184. doi:10.3233/JRS-1991-2401.</ref> adalah formulasi [[Obat kombinasi|kombinasi dosis tetap]] dari [[teofilin]], suatu [[antagonis reseptor]] [[adenosin]]; dengan [[efedrin]], suatu agen pelepas [[Noradrenalin|norepinefrin]] dan agen [[simpatomimetik]] yang bekerja secara tidak langsung; yang telah digunakan sebagai [[bronkodilator]] dalam pengobatan [[asma]] dan sebagai [[dekongestan]] hidung.<ref>''A breath of fresh air''. ''Prescriber''. 2022. Vol. 33 (2). hlm. 41–42. doi:10.1002/psb.1973.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0vXTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1179 The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies]. Springer US. 2014. hlm. 1179. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.</ref><ref>[https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/inn-pl-14 INN Proposed List 14]. ''World Health Organization (WHO)''. 31 October 1964.</ref><ref>National Archives (U.S.). [https://books.google.com/books?id=h-EVER6fsmAC&pg=PA12450 Federal Register]. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. 1978. hlm. 12450–12382.</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_1978-07_62_1/page/n18 Bronchodilating effect of oral theophylline-ephedrine combination]. ''The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology''. July 1978. Vol. 62 (1). hlm. 15–21. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(78)90066-0.</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_1975-05_17_5/page/585 Interaction of ephedrine and theophylline]. ''Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics''. May 1975. Vol. 17 (5). hlm. 585–592. doi:10.1002/cpt1975175585.</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-pharmacology_1991-03_31_3/page/243 Inhaled epinephrine and oral theophylline-ephedrine in the treatment of asthma]. ''Journal of Clinical Pharmacology''. March 1991. Vol. 31 (3). hlm. 243–247. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb04969.x.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=49kLK--eumEC&pg=PA45 Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies]. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007. hlm. 45. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3.</ref> Obat ini pertama kali dipelajari dan digunakan untuk mengobati asma pada tahun 1930-an atau 1940-an dan kombinasi kedua obat tersebut kemudian digunakan secara luas.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_1975-05_17_5/page/585 Interaction of ephedrine and theophylline]. ''Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics''. May 1975. Vol. 17 (5). hlm. 585–592. doi:10.1002/cpt1975175585.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=49kLK--eumEC&pg=PA45 Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies]. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007. hlm. 45. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3.</ref><ref>''Therapeutic effect and dosing strategies for theophylline in the treatment of chronic asthma''. ''The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology''. October 1986. Vol. 78 (4 Pt 2). hlm. 762–768. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(86)90058-8.</ref> Rasio teofilin dan efedrin 5:1 biasanya digunakan dalam kombinasi obat-obatan tersebut.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-clinics-of-north-america_1979-03_63_2/page/391 Drug therapy of bronchial asthma]. ''The Medical Clinics of North America''. March 1979. Vol. 63 (2). hlm. 391–396.</ref> Penelitian selanjutnya menemukan bahwa kombinasi tersebut tidak lebih efektif untuk asma daripada teofilin saja tetapi menghasilkan lebih banyak [[efek samping]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-risk-safety-in-medicine_1991_2_4/page/171 Classifying improvements to drug marketing and justifications for claims of efficacy]. ''The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine''. 1991. Vol. 2 (4). hlm. 171–184. doi:10.3233/JRS-1991-2401.</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-pharmacology-and-therapeutics_1975-05_17_5/page/585 Interaction of ephedrine and theophylline]. ''Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics''. May 1975. Vol. 17 (5). hlm. 585–592. doi:10.1002/cpt1975175585.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=49kLK--eumEC&pg=PA45 Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies]. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007. hlm. 45. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3.</ref><ref>''Avoidance of adverse effects during chronic therapy with theophylline''. ''European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. Supplement''. 1980. Vol. 109. hlm. 103–119.</ref>


Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan [[fenobarbital]] juga telah banyak digunakan untuk mengobati asma. Banyak kombinasi tersebut telah dipasarkan dengan berbagai nama merek. Teofilin juga telah dipasarkan dalam kombinasi dengan simpatomimetik serupa efedrin lainnya seperti [[rasefedrin]] dan [[pseudoefedrin]] serta dengan [[barbiturat]] lainnya seperti [[amobarbital]] dan [[butabarbital]]. Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan [[hidroksizin]] telah dipasarkan juga. Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan barbiturat kemudian dihapuskan demi kombinasi teofilin dan efedrin saja. Kombinasi dosis tetap teofilin dan efedrin ditinggalkan setelah tahun 1970-an karena tidak memungkinkan [[titrasi]] dosis dalam terapi asma akibat toksisitas efedrin.
Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan [[fenobarbital]] juga telah banyak digunakan untuk mengobati asma.<ref>''Avoidance of adverse effects during chronic therapy with theophylline''. ''European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. Supplement''. 1980. Vol. 109. hlm. 103–119.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Izob_Qe-EKwC&pg=PA53 Handbook of Emergency Psychiatry]. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007. hlm. 53. ISBN 978-0-323-07661-6.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=52joNWUvZakC&pg=PA92 Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry]. Elsevier Science. 1972. hlm. 92. ISBN 978-0-08-058351-8.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8HJc_WTwdNsC Project Label: Alphabetical Listing by Drug Product]. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Compliance and Regulatory Affairs, Regulatory Support Division, Information Systems Section. 1979.</ref> Banyak kombinasi tersebut telah dipasarkan dengan berbagai nama merek. Teofilin juga telah dipasarkan dalam kombinasi dengan simpatomimetik serupa efedrin lainnya seperti [[rasefedrin]] dan [[pseudoefedrin]] serta dengan [[barbiturat]] lainnya seperti [[amobarbital]] dan [[butabarbital]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=8HJc_WTwdNsC Project Label: Alphabetical Listing by Drug Product]. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Compliance and Regulatory Affairs, Regulatory Support Division, Information Systems Section. 1979.</ref> Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan [[hidroksizin]] telah dipasarkan juga.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ljgl1bvwKdwC&pg=RA3-PA33 Emergency Medical Care: A Manual for the Paramedic in the Field]. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1983. hlm. 3-PA33.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=i4Xhbcw-vK0C&pg=PA210 Emergency Department Trends from the Drug Abuse Warning Network: Preliminary Estimates January-June 2001 with Revised Estimates 1994-2000]. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2002. hlm. 210.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sH-JDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA810 Mosby's Pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions - E-Book: Mosby's Pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions - E-Book]. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2016. hlm. 810. ISBN 978-0-323-41427-2.</ref> Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan barbiturat kemudian dihapuskan demi kombinasi teofilin dan efedrin saja.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-risk-safety-in-medicine_1991_2_4/page/171 Classifying improvements to drug marketing and justifications for claims of efficacy]. ''The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine''. 1991. Vol. 2 (4). hlm. 171–184. doi:10.3233/JRS-1991-2401.</ref><ref>''A breath of fresh air''. ''Prescriber''. 2022. Vol. 33 (2). hlm. 41–42. doi:10.1002/psb.1973.</ref> Kombinasi dosis tetap teofilin dan efedrin ditinggalkan setelah tahun 1970-an karena tidak memungkinkan [[titrasi]] dosis dalam terapi asma akibat toksisitas efedrin.<ref>''Single-inhaler combination therapy for asthma: a review of cost effectiveness''. ''PharmacoEconomics''. 2006. Vol. 24 (10). hlm. 971–988. doi:10.2165/00019053-200624100-00005.</ref>


Efek teofilin/efedrin sebagai [[zat ergogenik|obat peningkat performa]] dalam [[latihan fisik]] dan [[olahraga]] telah dipelajari. Penggunaan kombinasi teofilin/efedrin telah menyebabkan diskualifikasi atlet elit karena efedrin dilarang dalam olahraga kompetitif.
Efek teofilin/efedrin sebagai [[zat ergogenik|obat peningkat performa]] dalam [[latihan fisik]] dan [[olahraga]] telah dipelajari.<ref>''Effects of theophylline and theobromine on exercise performance and implications for competition sport: A systematic review''. ''Drug Testing and Analysis''. January 2021. Vol. 13 (1). hlm. 36–43. doi:10.1002/dta.2970.</ref><ref>[https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=707479795512859830 Effects of anti-asthmatic medication (ephedrine plus theophylline) upon the physical performance and work capacity of healthy track athletes]. ''Can J Appl Sport Sci''. 1978. Vol. 3. hlm. 93–97.</ref> Penggunaan kombinasi teofilin/efedrin telah menyebabkan diskualifikasi atlet elit karena efedrin dilarang dalam olahraga kompetitif.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-allergy-and-clinical-immunology_2000-09_106_3/page/444 Allergy and asthma in elite summer sport athletes]. ''The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology''. September 2000. Vol. 106 (3). hlm. 444–452. doi:10.1067/mai.2000.107749.</ref>


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
 
<references />
 


== Sumber dan atribusi ==
== Sumber dan atribusi ==


Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teofilin%2Fefedrin&oldid=29587169 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 29587169 (2026-08-16T07:31:19Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.
Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teofilin%2Fefedrin&oldid=29587169 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 29587169 (2026-08-16T07:31:19Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.
<!-- WIKI_UNISSULA_PRESENTATION_V4 -->

Revisi terkini sejak 29 Agustus 2026 18.06

Teofilin/efedrin (INN)[1] adalah formulasi kombinasi dosis tetap dari teofilin, suatu antagonis reseptor adenosin; dengan efedrin, suatu agen pelepas norepinefrin dan agen simpatomimetik yang bekerja secara tidak langsung; yang telah digunakan sebagai bronkodilator dalam pengobatan asma dan sebagai dekongestan hidung.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Obat ini pertama kali dipelajari dan digunakan untuk mengobati asma pada tahun 1930-an atau 1940-an dan kombinasi kedua obat tersebut kemudian digunakan secara luas.[10][11][12] Rasio teofilin dan efedrin 5:1 biasanya digunakan dalam kombinasi obat-obatan tersebut.[13] Penelitian selanjutnya menemukan bahwa kombinasi tersebut tidak lebih efektif untuk asma daripada teofilin saja tetapi menghasilkan lebih banyak efek samping.[14][15][16][17]

Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan fenobarbital juga telah banyak digunakan untuk mengobati asma.[18][19][20][21] Banyak kombinasi tersebut telah dipasarkan dengan berbagai nama merek. Teofilin juga telah dipasarkan dalam kombinasi dengan simpatomimetik serupa efedrin lainnya seperti rasefedrin dan pseudoefedrin serta dengan barbiturat lainnya seperti amobarbital dan butabarbital.[22] Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan hidroksizin telah dipasarkan juga.[23][24][25] Kombinasi teofilin, efedrin, dan barbiturat kemudian dihapuskan demi kombinasi teofilin dan efedrin saja.[26][27] Kombinasi dosis tetap teofilin dan efedrin ditinggalkan setelah tahun 1970-an karena tidak memungkinkan titrasi dosis dalam terapi asma akibat toksisitas efedrin.[28]

Efek teofilin/efedrin sebagai obat peningkat performa dalam latihan fisik dan olahraga telah dipelajari.[29][30] Penggunaan kombinasi teofilin/efedrin telah menyebabkan diskualifikasi atlet elit karena efedrin dilarang dalam olahraga kompetitif.[31]

Referensi

  1. ↑ Classifying improvements to drug marketing and justifications for claims of efficacy. The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine. 1991. Vol. 2 (4). hlm. 171–184. doi:10.3233/JRS-1991-2401.
  2. ↑ A breath of fresh air. Prescriber. 2022. Vol. 33 (2). hlm. 41–42. doi:10.1002/psb.1973.
  3. ↑ The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer US. 2014. hlm. 1179. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  4. ↑ INN Proposed List 14. World Health Organization (WHO). 31 October 1964.
  5. ↑ National Archives (U.S.). Federal Register. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. 1978. hlm. 12450–12382.
  6. ↑ Bronchodilating effect of oral theophylline-ephedrine combination. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. July 1978. Vol. 62 (1). hlm. 15–21. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(78)90066-0.
  7. ↑ Interaction of ephedrine and theophylline. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. May 1975. Vol. 17 (5). hlm. 585–592. doi:10.1002/cpt1975175585.
  8. ↑ Inhaled epinephrine and oral theophylline-ephedrine in the treatment of asthma. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. March 1991. Vol. 31 (3). hlm. 243–247. doi:10.1002/j.1552-4604.1991.tb04969.x.
  9. ↑ Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007. hlm. 45. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3.
  10. ↑ Interaction of ephedrine and theophylline. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. May 1975. Vol. 17 (5). hlm. 585–592. doi:10.1002/cpt1975175585.
  11. ↑ Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007. hlm. 45. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3.
  12. ↑ Therapeutic effect and dosing strategies for theophylline in the treatment of chronic asthma. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. October 1986. Vol. 78 (4 Pt 2). hlm. 762–768. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(86)90058-8.
  13. ↑ Drug therapy of bronchial asthma. The Medical Clinics of North America. March 1979. Vol. 63 (2). hlm. 391–396.
  14. ↑ Classifying improvements to drug marketing and justifications for claims of efficacy. The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine. 1991. Vol. 2 (4). hlm. 171–184. doi:10.3233/JRS-1991-2401.
  15. ↑ Interaction of ephedrine and theophylline. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. May 1975. Vol. 17 (5). hlm. 585–592. doi:10.1002/cpt1975175585.
  16. ↑ Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007. hlm. 45. ISBN 978-0-323-02964-3.
  17. ↑ Avoidance of adverse effects during chronic therapy with theophylline. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. Supplement. 1980. Vol. 109. hlm. 103–119.
  18. ↑ Avoidance of adverse effects during chronic therapy with theophylline. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. Supplement. 1980. Vol. 109. hlm. 103–119.
  19. ↑ Handbook of Emergency Psychiatry. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007. hlm. 53. ISBN 978-0-323-07661-6.
  20. ↑ Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry. Elsevier Science. 1972. hlm. 92. ISBN 978-0-08-058351-8.
  21. ↑ Project Label: Alphabetical Listing by Drug Product. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Compliance and Regulatory Affairs, Regulatory Support Division, Information Systems Section. 1979.
  22. ↑ Project Label: Alphabetical Listing by Drug Product. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Compliance and Regulatory Affairs, Regulatory Support Division, Information Systems Section. 1979.
  23. ↑ Emergency Medical Care: A Manual for the Paramedic in the Field. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1983. hlm. 3-PA33.
  24. ↑ Emergency Department Trends from the Drug Abuse Warning Network: Preliminary Estimates January-June 2001 with Revised Estimates 1994-2000. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2002. hlm. 210.
  25. ↑ Mosby's Pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions - E-Book: Mosby's Pocket Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2016. hlm. 810. ISBN 978-0-323-41427-2.
  26. ↑ Classifying improvements to drug marketing and justifications for claims of efficacy. The International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine. 1991. Vol. 2 (4). hlm. 171–184. doi:10.3233/JRS-1991-2401.
  27. ↑ A breath of fresh air. Prescriber. 2022. Vol. 33 (2). hlm. 41–42. doi:10.1002/psb.1973.
  28. ↑ Single-inhaler combination therapy for asthma: a review of cost effectiveness. PharmacoEconomics. 2006. Vol. 24 (10). hlm. 971–988. doi:10.2165/00019053-200624100-00005.
  29. ↑ Effects of theophylline and theobromine on exercise performance and implications for competition sport: A systematic review. Drug Testing and Analysis. January 2021. Vol. 13 (1). hlm. 36–43. doi:10.1002/dta.2970.
  30. ↑ Effects of anti-asthmatic medication (ephedrine plus theophylline) upon the physical performance and work capacity of healthy track athletes. Can J Appl Sport Sci. 1978. Vol. 3. hlm. 93–97.
  31. ↑ Allergy and asthma in elite summer sport athletes. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. September 2000. Vol. 106 (3). hlm. 444–452. doi:10.1067/mai.2000.107749.

Sumber dan atribusi

Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, revisi 29587169 (2026-08-16T07:31:19Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.


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