Lompat ke isi

Isotop bismut

Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Universitas Islam Sultan Agung
Revisi sejak 28 Agustus 2026 03.57 oleh Maintenance script (bicara | kontrib) (Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi)
(beda) ← Revisi sebelumnya | Revisi terkini (beda) | Revisi selanjutnya → (beda)

Bismut (83Bi) memiliki 41 isotop yang diketahui, mulai dari 184Bi hingga 224Bi. Bismut tidak memiliki satu pun isotop stabil, tetapi memiliki satu isotop yang berumur sangat panjang; dengan demikian, berat atom standarnya dapat diberikan sebagai . Meskipun 209Bi sekarang diketahui tidak stabil, secara klasik ia dianggap sebagai isotop stabil karena memiliki waktu paruh sekitar 2,01 tahun, lebih dari satu miliar kali usia alam semesta. Selain 209Bi, radioisotop bismut yang paling stabil adalah 210mBi dengan waktu paruh 3,04 juta tahun, 208Bi dengan waktu paruh 368.000 tahun, dan 207Bi dengan waktu paruh 32,9 tahun, tidak ada dari mereka yang terjadi di alam. Semua isotop lain memiliki waktu paruh di bawah 1 tahun, sebagian besar di bawah satu hari. Dari semua radioisotop alami bismut, yang paling stabil adalah 210Bi yang radiogenik dengan waktu paruh 5,012 tahun. 210mBi, seperti 180mTa, 242mAm dan beberapa isomer holmium, tidak biasa karena menjadi isomer nuklir dengan waktu paruh beberapa kali lipat lebih lama daripada keadaan dasarnya.

Secara komersial, isotop 213Bi dapat diproduksi dengan membombardir radium dengan foton bremsstrahlung dari sebuah pemercepat partikel linier. Pada tahun 1997, sebuah konjugat antibodi dengan 213Bi (yang memiliki waktu paruh 45 menit, dan meluruh melalui emisi partikel alfa) digunakan untuk mengobati pasien leukemia. Isotop ini juga telah dicoba dalam program terapi alfa bertarget (targeted alpha therapy, TAT) untuk mengobati berbagai jenis kanker.[1] 213Bi juga ditemukan dalam rantai peluruhan 233U, yang merupakan bahan bakar yang dibiakkan oleh reaktor torium.

Daftar isotop

|- | 184Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 101 | 184,00112(14)# | 6,6(15) mdtk | | | 3+# | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 184mBi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 150(100)# keV | 13(2) mdtk | | | 10−# | | |- | rowspan=2|185Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 102 | rowspan=2|184,99763(6)# | rowspan=2|2# mdtk | p | 184Pb | rowspan=2|9/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (langka) | 181Tl |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 185mBi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 70(50)# keV | rowspan=2|49(7) μdtk | α | 181Tl | rowspan=2|1/2+ | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | p | 184Pb |- | rowspan=2|186Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 103 | rowspan=2|185,99660(8) | rowspan=2|14,8(7) mdtk | α | 182Tl | rowspan=2|(3+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (langka) | 186Pb |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 186mBi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270(140)# keV | rowspan=2|9,8(4) mdtk | α | 182Tl | rowspan=2|(10−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ | 186Pb |- | rowspan=2|187Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 104 | rowspan=2|186,993158(16) | rowspan=2|32(3) mdtk | α (50%) | 183Tl | rowspan=2|9/2−# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (50%) | 187Pb |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 187m1Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 101(20) keV | 320(70) μdtk | | | 1/2+# | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 187m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 252(1) keV | 7(5) μdtk | | | (13/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2|188Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 105 | rowspan=2|187,99227(5) | rowspan=2|44(3) mdtk | α | 184Tl | rowspan=2|3+# | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (langka) | 188Pb |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 188mBi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 210(140)# keV | rowspan=2|220(40) mdtk | α | 184Tl | rowspan=2|(10−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (langka) | 188Pb |- | rowspan=2|189Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 106 | rowspan=2|188,98920(6) | rowspan=2|674(11) mdtk | α (51%) | 185Tl | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (49%) | 189Pb |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 189m1Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 181(6) keV | 5,0(1) mdtk | | | (1/2+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 189m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 357(1) keV | 880(50) ndtk | | | (13/2+) | | |- | rowspan=2|190Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 107 | rowspan=2|189,9883(2) | rowspan=2|6,3(1) dtk | α (77%) | 186Tl | rowspan=2|(3+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (30%) | 190Pb |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 190m1Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 420(180) keV | rowspan=2|6,2(1) dtk | α (70%) | 186Tl | rowspan=2|(10−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (23%) | 190Pb |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 190m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 690(180) keV | >500(100) ndtk | | | 7+# | | |- | rowspan=2|191Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 108 | rowspan=2|190,985786(8) | rowspan=2|12,3(3) dtk | α (60%) | 187Tl | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (40%) | 191Pb |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 191mBi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 240(4) keV | rowspan=2|124(5) mdtk | α (75%) | 187Tl | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (25%) | 191Pb |- | rowspan=2|192Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 109 | rowspan=2|191,98546(4) | rowspan=2|34,6(9) dtk | β+ (82%) | 192Pb | rowspan=2|(3+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (18%) | 188Tl |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 192mBi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 150(30) keV | rowspan=2|39,6(4) dtk | β+ (90,8%) | 192Pb | rowspan=2|(10−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (9,2%) | 188Tl |- | rowspan=2|193Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 110 | rowspan=2|192,98296(1) | rowspan=2|67(3) dtk | β+ (95%) | 193Pb | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (5%) | 189Tl |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 193mBi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 308(7) keV | rowspan=2|3,2(6) dtk | α (90%) | 189Tl | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ (10%) | 193Pb |- | rowspan=2|194Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 111 | rowspan=2|193,98283(5) | rowspan=2|95(3) dtk | β+ (99,54%) | 194Pb | rowspan=2|(3+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0,46%) | 190Tl |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 194m1Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 110(70) keV | rowspan=2|125(2) dtk | β+ | 194Pb | rowspan=2|(6+, 7+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (langka) | 190Tl |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 194m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 230(90)# keV | 115(4) dtk | | | (10−) | | |- | rowspan=2|195Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 112 | rowspan=2|194,980651(6) | rowspan=2|183(4) dtk | β+ (99,97%) | 195Pb | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0,03%) | 191Tl |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 195m1Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 399(6) keV | rowspan=2|87(1) dtk | β+ (67%) | 195Pb | rowspan=2|(1/2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (33%) | 191Tl |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 195m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2311,4+X keV | 750(50) ndtk | | | (29/2−) | | |- | rowspan=2|196Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 113 | rowspan=2|195,980667(26) | rowspan=2|5,1(2) mnt | β+ (99,99%) | 196Pb | rowspan=2|(3+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (0,00115%) | 192Tl |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 196m1Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 166,6(30) keV | rowspan=2|0,6(5) dtk | IT | 196Bi | rowspan=2|(7+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β+ | 196Pb |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 196m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 270(3) keV | 4,00(5) mnt | | | (10−) | | |- | rowspan=2|197Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114 | rowspan=2|196,978864(9) | rowspan=2|9,33(50) mnt | β+ (99,99%) | 197Pb | rowspan=2|(9/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (10−4%) | 193Tl |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 197m1Bi | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 690(110) keV | rowspan=3|5,04(16) mnt | α (55%) | 193Tl | rowspan=3|(1/2+) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β+ (45%) | 197Pb |- | IT (0,3%) | 197Bi |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 197m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2129,3(4) keV | 204(18) ndtk | | | (23/2−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 197m3Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2360,4(5)+X keV | 263(13) ndtk | | | (29/2−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 197m4Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2383,1(7)+X keV | 253(39) ndtk | | | (29/2−) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 197m5Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2929,5(5) keV | 209(30) ndtk | | | (31/2−) | | |- | 198Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 115 | 197,97921(3) | 10,3(3) mnt | β+ | 198Pb | (2+, 3+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 198m1Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 280(40) keV | 11,6(3) mnt | β+ | 198Pb | (7+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 198m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 530(40) keV | 7,7(5) dtk | | | 10− | | |- | 199Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 116 | 198,977672(13) | 27(1) mnt | β+ | 199Pb | 9/2− | | |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 199m1Bi | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 667(4) keV | rowspan=3|24,70(15) mnt | β+ (98%) | 199Pb | rowspan=3|(1/2+) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | IT (2%) | 199Bi |- | α (0,01%) | 195Tl |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 199m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1947(25) keV | 0,10(3) μdtk | | | (25/2+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 199m3Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | ~2547,0 keV | 168(13) ndtk | | | 29/2− | | |- | 200Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 117 | 199,978132(26) | 36,4(5) mnt | β+ | 200Pb | 7+ | | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 200m1Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 100(70)# keV | rowspan=2|31(2) mnt | EC (90%) | 200Pb | rowspan=2|(2+) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | IT (10%) | 200Bi |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 200m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 428,20(10) keV | 400(50) mdtk | | | (10−) | | |- | rowspan=2|201Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 118 | rowspan=2|200,977009(16) | rowspan=2|108(3) mnt | β+ (99,99%) | 201Pb | rowspan=2|9/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (10−4%) | 197Tl |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 201m1Bi | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 846,34(21) keV | rowspan=3|59,1(6) mnt | EC (92,9%) | 201Pb | rowspan=3|1/2+ | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | IT (6,8%) | 201Bi |- | α (0,3%) | 197Tl |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 201m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1932,2+X keV | 118(28) ndtk | | | (25/2+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 201m3Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1971,2+X keV | 105(75) ndtk | | | (27/2+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 201m4Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2739,90(20)+X keV | 124(4) ndtk | | | (29/2−) | | |- | rowspan=2|202Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119 | rowspan=2|201,977742(22) | rowspan=2|1,72(5) jam | β+ | 202Pb | rowspan=2|5(+#) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (10−5%) | 198Tl |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 202m1Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 615(7) keV | 3,04(6) μdtk | | | (10#)− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 202m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2607,1(5) keV | 310(50) ndtk | | | (17+) | | |- | rowspan=2|203Bi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120 | rowspan=2|202,976876(23) | rowspan=2|11,76(5) jam | β+ | 203Pb | rowspan=2|9/2− | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | α (10−5%) | 199Tl |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 203m1Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1098,14(7) keV | 303(5) mdtk | IT | 203Bi | 1/2+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 203m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2041,5(6) keV | 194(30) ndtk | | | 25/2+ | | |- | 204Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 121 | 203,977813(28) | 11,22(10) jam | β+ | 204Pb | 6+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 204m1Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 805,5(3) keV | 13,0(1) mdtk | IT | 204Bi | 10− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 204m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2833,4(11) keV | 1,07(3) mdtk | | | (17+) | | |- | 205Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 122 | 204,977389(8) | 15,31(4) hri | β+ | 205Pb | 9/2− | | |- | 206Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 123 | 205,978499(8) | 6,243(3) hri | β+ | 206Pb | 6(+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 206m1Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 59,897(17) keV | 7,7(2) μdtk | | | (4+) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 206m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1044,8(5) keV | 890(10) μdtk | | | (10−) | | |- | 207Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 124 | 206,9784707(26) | 32,9(14) thn | β+ | 207Pb | 9/2− | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 207mBi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2101,49(16) keV | 182(6) μdtk | | | 21/2+ | | |- | 208Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 125 | 207,9797422(25) | 3,68(4) thn | β+ | 208Pb | (5)+ | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 208mBi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1571,1(4) keV | 2,58(4) mdtk | IT | 208Bi | (10)− | | |- | 209Bi
[2][3] | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 126 | 208,9803987(16) | 2,01(8) thn
[4] | α | 205Tl | 9/2− | 1,0000 | |- | rowspan=2|210Bi | rowspan=2|Radium E | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 127 | rowspan=2|209,9841204(16) | rowspan=2|5,012(5) hri | β− | 210Po | rowspan=2|1− | rowspan=2|Renik[5] | rowspan=2| |- | α (1,32%) | 206Tl |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 210mBi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 271,31(11) keV | 3,04(6) thn | α | 206Tl | 9− | | |- | rowspan=2|211Bi | rowspan=2|Aktinium C | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 128 | rowspan=2|210,987269(6) | rowspan=2|2,14(2) mnt | α (99,72%) | 207Tl | rowspan=2|9/2− | rowspan=2|Renik[6] | rowspan=2| |- | β− (0,276%) | 211Po |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 211mBi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1257(10) keV | 1,4(3) μdtk | | | (25/2−) | | |- | rowspan=3|212Bi | rowspan=3|Torium C | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 129 | rowspan=3|211,9912857(21) | rowspan=3|60,55(6) mnt | β− (64,05%) | 212Po | rowspan=3|1(−) | rowspan=3|Renik[7] | rowspan=3| |- | α (35,94%) | 208Tl |- | β−, α (0,014%) | 208Pb |- | rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" | 212m1Bi | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 250(30) keV | rowspan=3|25,0(2) mnt | α (67%) | 208Tl | rowspan=3|(9−) | rowspan=3| | rowspan=3| |- | β− (33%) | 212mPo |- | β−, α (0,3%) | 208Pb |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 212m2Bi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 2200(200)# keV | 7,0(3) mnt | | | >16 | | |- | rowspan=2|213Bi
[8][9] | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 130 | rowspan=2|212,994385(5) | rowspan=2|45,59(6) mnt | β− (97,91%) | 213Po | rowspan=2|9/2− | rowspan=2|Renik[10] | rowspan=2| |- | α (2,09%) | 209Tl |- | rowspan=3|214Bi | rowspan=3|Radium C | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 83 | rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 131 | rowspan=3|213,998712(12) | rowspan=3|19,9(4) mnt | β− (99,97%) | 214Po | rowspan=3|1− | rowspan=3|Renik[11] | rowspan=3| |- | α (0,021%) | 210Tl |- | β−, α (0,003%) | 210Pb |- | 215Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 132 | 215,001770(16) | 7,6(2) mnt | β− | 215Po | (9/2−) | Renik[12] | |- | rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 215mBi | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1347,5(25) keV | rowspan=2| 36,9(6) dtk | IT (76,9%) | 215Bi | rowspan=2| (25/2−) | rowspan=2| | rowspan=2| |- | β− (23,1%) | 215Po |- | 216Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 133 | 216,006306(12) | 2,17(5) mnt | β− | 216Po | (6-, 7-) | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 216mBi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 24(19) keV | 6,6(21) mnt | β− | 216Po | 3-# | | |- | 217Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 134 | 217,009372(19) | 98,5(8) dtk | β− | 217Po | 9/2−# | | |- | style="text-indent:1em" | 217mBi | | colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 1480(40) keV | 2,70(6) μdtk | IT | 217Bi | 25/2−# | | |- | 218Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 135 | 218,014188(29) | 33(1) dtk | β− | 218Po | (6-, 7-, 8-) | | |- | 219Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 136 | 219,017480(210)# | 8,7(29) dtk | β− | 219Po | 9/2-# | | |- | 220Bi | | style="text-align:right" | 83 | style="text-align:right" | 137 | 220,022350(320)# | 9,5(57) dtk | β− | 220Po | 1-# | |

Referensi

  1. ↑ S Imam. Advancements in cancer therapy with alpha-emitters: a review. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics. 2001. Vol. 51. hlm. 271. doi:10.1016/S0360-3016(01)01585-1.
  2. ↑ Sebelumnya diyakini sebagai produk peluruhan akhir dari rantai peluruhan 4n+1 (deret neptunium)
  3. ↑ Radionuklida primordial, juga beberapa bersifat radiogenik dari nuklida 237 Np yang telah punah
  4. ↑ Sebelumnya diyakini sebagai nuklida stabil terberat
  5. ↑ Produk peluruhan antara dari 238 U
  6. ↑ Produk peluruhan antara dari 235 U
  7. ↑ Produk peluruhan antara dari 232 Th
  8. ↑ Digunakan dalam kedokteran seperti untuk pengobatan kanker.
  9. ↑ Produk sampingan dari reaktor torium melalui 233 U.
  10. ↑ Produk peluruhan antara dari 237 Np
  11. ↑ Produk peluruhan antara dari 238 U
  12. ↑ Produk peluruhan antara dari 235 U

Sumber dan atribusi

Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, revisi 28020803 (2025-10-16T13:51:23Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.


Diperoleh dari "https://wiki.unissula.ac.id/index.php?title=Isotop_bismut&oldid=20944"