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Deret elektrokimia: Perbedaan antara revisi

Ensiklopedia Pengetahuan Universitas Islam Sultan Agung

Maintenance script (bicara | kontrib)

37.956 suntingan
Maintenance script (bicara | kontrib)
37.956 suntingan
Impor teks terkontrol dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia; revisi 28588094; atribusi sumber disertakan.
 
Maintenance script (bicara | kontrib)
37.956 suntingan
Presentation V4: sitasi, referensi, Math, Wikimedia Commons, dan atribusi
 
Baris 1: Baris 1:
'''Deret elektrokimia''' atau '''deret Volta''' adalah urutan [[logam|logam-logam]] (ditambah [[hidrogen]]) berdasarkan kenaikan potensial elektrode standarnya.
'''Deret elektrokimia''' atau '''deret Volta''' adalah urutan [[logam|logam-logam]] (ditambah [[hidrogen]]) berdasarkan kenaikan potensial elektrode standarnya.<ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
 
<ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
<ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2009). [http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/articles/08_08_90.pdf “Electrochemical Series”], in [http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/ ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 90th Edition''] (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
<ref>[https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deret+elektrokimia&oldid=28588094 sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia]</ref>
<ref>Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). ''Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications'', 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).</ref>
<ref>Marcel Pourbaix (1966). ''Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions'' (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).</ref>
<ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
<ref>Gordon Aylward & Tristan Findlay (2008). "SI Chemical Data", 6th edition (John Wiley & Sons, Australia), ISBN 978-0-470-81638-7.</ref>


Umumnya deret volta yang sering dipakai adalah adalah:
Umumnya deret volta yang sering dipakai adalah adalah:
Baris 26: Baris 32:
:Legenda: (''s'')–padat; (''l'')–cair; (''g'')–gas; (''aq'')–larutan; (''Hg'')–[[Amalgam (kimia)|amalgam]].
:Legenda: (''s'')–padat; (''l'')–cair; (''g'')–gas; (''aq'')–larutan; (''Hg'')–[[Amalgam (kimia)|amalgam]].


{| cellpadding="10" class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! [[Setengah reaksi]]
! ''E°'' (V)
! class="unsortable"|Ref.
|-style="display:none"
|& ||-9
|-style="display:none"
|Zz||9
|-class="Unicode"
| <sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>2</sub>[[Nitrogen|N<sub>2</sub>]](''g'') +  +    [[Hydrogen azide|HN<sub>3</sub>]](''aq'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>[https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deret+elektrokimia&oldid=28588094 sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia]</ref>
|-
| [[Litium|Li]] +  Li(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| N<sub>2</sub>(''g'') + 4 +  2  2[[Hydroxylamine|NH<sub>2</sub>OH]](''aq'') + 2
|&nbsp; || <ref>[https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deret+elektrokimia&oldid=28588094 sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia]</ref>
|-
| [[Sesium|Cs]] +  Cs(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Rubidium|Rb]] +  Rb(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Kalium|K]] +  K(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Barium|Ba]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Ba(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Lantanium|La]](OH)<sub>3</sub>(''s'') + 3  La(''s'') + 3
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Stronsium|Sr]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Sr(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Kalsium|Ca]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Ca(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Europium|Eu]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Eu(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Radium|Ra]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Ra(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Natrium|Na]] +  Na(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref><ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Lantanium|La]]<sup>3+</sup> + 3  La(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Yttrium|Y]]<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Y(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Magnesium|Mg]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Mg(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| ZrO(OH)<sub>2</sub>(''s'') +  + 4  Zr(''s'') + 4
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| Al(OH)<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> + 3  Al(''s'') + 4
|&nbsp;
|-
| Al(OH)<sub>3</sub>(''s'') + 3  Al(''s'') + 3
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Hidrogen|H<sub>2</sub>]](''g'') + 2  2H<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Aktinium|Ac]]<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Ac(''s'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Berilium|Be]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Be(''s'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Uranium|U]]<sup>3+</sup> + 3  U(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). ''Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications'', 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).</ref>
|-
| [[Aluminium|Al]]<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Al(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Titanium|Ti]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Ti(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Zirkonium dioksida|ZrO<sub>2</sub>]](''s'') + 4 + 4  Zr(''s'') + 2
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Zirkonium|Zr<sup>4+</sup>]] + 4  Zr(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| Ti<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Ti(''s'')
|&nbsp;|| <ref>Gordon Aylward & Tristan Findlay (2008). "SI Chemical Data", 6th edition (John Wiley & Sons, Australia), ISBN 978-0-470-81638-7.</ref>
|-
| [[Titanium(II) oksida|TiO]](''s'') + 2 + 2  Ti(''s'') +
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Titanium(III) oksida|Ti<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]](''s'') + 2 + 2  2TiO(''s'') +
|&nbsp;
|-
| Zn(OH)<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 2  Zn(''s'') + 4
|&nbsp;|| <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Mangan|Mn]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Mn(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Besi|Fe]](CN)<sub>6</sub><sup>4−</sup> + 6 + 2  Fe(''s'') + 4HCN(''aq'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>[http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information]</ref>
|-
| [[Telurium|Te]](''s'') + 2  Te<sup>2−</sup>
|&nbsp; || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Vanadium|V]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  V(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Niobium|Nb]]<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Nb(''s'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Timah|Sn]](''s'') + 4 + 4  SnH<sub>4</sub>(''g'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Silikon dioksida|SiO]]<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 4 + 4  Si(''s'') + 2
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Asam borat|B(OH)]]<sub>3</sub>(''aq'') + 3 + 3  B(''s'') + 3
|&nbsp;
|-
| Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 2  Fe(''s'') + 2
|&nbsp; || <ref>[http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information]</ref>
|-
| Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(''s'') + 3 + 2  2Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 2
|&nbsp; || <ref>[http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information]</ref>
|-
| TiO<sup>2+</sup> + 2 + 4  Ti(''s'') +
|&nbsp;
|-
| 2[[air|air]] + 2  H<sub>2</sub>(''g'') + 2
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Bismut|Bi]](''s'') + 3 + 3  [[Bismuthine|BiH<sub>3</sub>]]
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Zinc|Zn]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Zn(''Hg'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Zinc|Zn]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Zn(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Tantalum pentoksida|Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>]](''s'') + 10 + 10  2[[Tantalum|Ta]](''s'') + 5
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Kromium|Cr]]<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Cr(''s'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| [Au(CN)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup> +  [[Gold|Au]](''s'') + 2CN<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;
|-
| Ta<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Ta(''s'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| PbO(''s'') +  + 2  Pb(''s'') + 2
|&nbsp;
|-
| 2TiO<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 2 + 2  Ti<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(''s'') +
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Galium|Ga]]<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Ga(''s'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| U<sup>4+</sup> +  U<sup>3+</sup>
|&nbsp; || <ref>Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). ''Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications'', 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).</ref>
|-
| [[Asam fosfit|H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>2</sub>]](''aq'') +  +  P(''white'')<ref>Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×−0.499 + −0.508) ÷ 3 = −0.502 exactly matching the difference between the values for white and red phosphorus in equilibrium with PH 3 .</ref> + 2
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>(''aq'') + 2 + 2  H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>2</sub>(''aq'') +
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Asam fosfat|H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>]](''aq'') + 3 + 3  P(''red'')<ref>Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×−0.499 + −0.508) ÷ 3 = −0.502 exactly matching the difference between the values for white and red phosphorus in equilibrium with PH 3 .</ref> + 3
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Besi|Fe]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Fe(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| 2[[Karbon dioksida|CO<sub>2</sub>]](''g'') + 2 + 2  [[Asam oksalat|HOOCCOOH]](''aq'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| Cr<sup>3+</sup> +  Cr<sup>2+</sup>
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Kadmium|Cd]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Cd(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Germanium dioksida|GeO<sub>2</sub>]](''s'') + 2 + 2  GeO(''s'') +
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Tembaga (I) oksida|Cu<sub>2</sub>O]](''s'') +  + 2  2Cu(''s'') + 2
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Timbal(II) sulfate|PbSO<sub>4</sub>]](''s'') + 2  [[Timbal|Pb]](''s'') + SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| PbSO<sub>4</sub>(''s'') + 2  Pb(''Hg'') + SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Europium|Eu<sup>3+</sup>]] +  Eu<sup>2+</sup>
|&nbsp; || <ref>Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). ''Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications'', 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).</ref>
|-
| [[Indium|In]]<sup>3+</sup> + 3  In(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Tallium|Tl]] +  Tl(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Germanium|Ge]](''s'') + 4 + 4  GeH<sub>4</sub>(''g'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Kobal|Co]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Co(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Asam fosfat|H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>]](''aq'') + 2 + 2  H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>(''aq'') +
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| V<sup>3+</sup> +  V<sup>2+</sup>
|&nbsp; || <ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Nikel|Ni]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Ni(''s'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Arsen|As]](''s'') + 3 + 3  [[Arsine|AsH<sub>3</sub>]](''g'')
|&nbsp;|| <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Perak iodida|AgI]](''s'') +  Ag(''s'') + I<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Molibdenum dioksida|MoO]]<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 4 + 4  Mo(''s'') + 2
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Silikon|Si]](''s'') + 4 + 4  SiH<sub>4</sub>(''g'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| Sn<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Sn(''s'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Oksigen|O]]<sub>2</sub>(''g'') +  +  HO<sub>2</sub>•(''aq'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Timbal|Pb]]<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Pb(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Tungsten(IV) oksida|WO<sub>2</sub>]](''s'') + 4 + 4  [[Tungsten|W]](''s'') + 2
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Fosforus|P]](''red'') + 3 + 3  [[Phosphine|PH<sub>3</sub>]](''g'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| CO<sub>2</sub>(''g'') + 2 + 2  HCOOH(''aq'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Selenium|Se]](''s'') + 2 + 2  H<sub>2</sub>Se(''g'')
|&nbsp;
|-
| CO<sub>2</sub>(''g'') + 2 + 2  CO(''g'') +
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Timah(II) oksida|SnO]](''s'') + 2 + 2  Sn(''s'') +
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Timah dioksida|SnO<sub>2</sub>]](''s'') + 2 + 2  SnO(''s'') +
|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Tungsten(VI) oksida|WO<sub>3</sub>]](''aq'') + 6 + 6  W(''s'') + 3
|&nbsp; || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Fosforus|P]](''white'') + 3 + 3  [[Phosphine|PH<sub>3</sub>]](''g'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| Fe<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Fe(''s'')
|&nbsp; || <ref>[http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information]</ref>
|-
| [[Asam format|HCOOH]](''aq'') + 2 + 2  HCHO(''aq'') +
|&nbsp;
|- style="background-color:#d0d0FF; font-weight: bold"
| 2 + 2  H<sub>2</sub>(''g'')
|&nbsp; &nbsp;0.0000 || ≡&nbsp;0
|-
| [[Perak bromida|AgBr]](''s'') +  Ag(''s'') + Br<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.07133 || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Tetrathionate|S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub><sup>2−</sup>]] + 2  2[[Tiosulfat|S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup>]]
|&nbsp;+0.08
|-
| [[Magnetit|Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>]](''s'') + 8 + 8  3Fe(''s'') + 4
|&nbsp;+0.085 || <ref>Marcel Pourbaix (1966). ''Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions'' (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).</ref>
|-
| [[Nitrogen|N<sub>2</sub>]](''g'') + 2 + 6 + 6  2[[Amonium hidroksida|NH<sub>4</sub>OH]](''aq'')
|&nbsp;+0.092
|-
| [[Raksa(II) oksida|HgO]](''s'') +  + 2  Hg(''l'') + 2
|&nbsp;+0.0977
|-
| Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub><sup>2+</sup> +  Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub> + 2NH<sub>3</sub>
|&nbsp;+0.10 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Rutenium|Ru(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub><sup>3+</sup>]] +  Ru(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub><sup>2+</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.10 || <ref>Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). ''Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications'', 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).</ref>
|-
| [[Hidrazin|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>]](''aq'') + 4 + 2  2NH<sub>4</sub> + 4
|&nbsp;+0.11 || <ref>[https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deret+elektrokimia&oldid=28588094 sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia]</ref>
|-
| [[Asam molibida|H<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub>]](''aq'') + 6 + 6  Mo(''s'') + 4
|&nbsp;+0.11
|-
| Ge<sup>4+</sup> + 4  Ge(''s'')
|&nbsp;+0.12
|-
| [[Karbon|C]](''s'') + 4 + 4  [[Metana|CH<sub>4</sub>]](''g'')
|&nbsp;+0.13 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Formaldehyde|HCHO]](''aq'') + 2 + 2  [[Metanol|CH<sub>3</sub>OH]](''aq'')
|&nbsp;+0.13
|-
| [[Sulfur|S]](''s'') + 2 + 2  H<sub>2</sub>S(''g'')
|&nbsp;+0.14
|-
| Sn<sup>4+</sup> + 2  Sn<sup>2+</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.15
|-
| [[Tembaga|Cu]]<sup>2+</sup> +  Cu
|&nbsp;+0.159 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> + 3 + 2  SO<sub>2</sub>(''aq'') + 2
|&nbsp;+0.16
|-
| [[Uranyl|UO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>]] +  UO<sub>2</sub>
|&nbsp;+0.163 || <ref>Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). ''Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications'', 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).</ref>
|-
| SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 4 + 2  SO<sub>2</sub>(''aq'') + 2
|&nbsp;+0.17
|-
| TiO<sup>2+</sup> + 2 +  Ti<sup>3+</sup> +
|&nbsp;+0.19
|-
| SbO + 2 + 3  Sb(''s'') +
|&nbsp;+0.20
|-
| [[Peak klorida|AgCl]](''s'') +  Ag(''s'') + Cl<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.22233 || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>3</sub>(''aq'') + 3 + 3  As(''s'') + 3
|&nbsp;+0.24
|-
| GeO(''s'') + 2 + 2  Ge(''s'') +
|&nbsp;+0.26
|-
| UO<sub>2</sub> + 4 +  U<sup>4+</sup> + 2
|&nbsp;+0.273 || <ref>Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). ''Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications'', 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).</ref>
|-
| [[Renium|Re]]<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Re(''s'')
|&nbsp;+0.300
|-
| Bi<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Bi(''s'')
|&nbsp;+0.308 || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| VO<sup>2+</sup> + 2 +  V<sup>3+</sup> +
|&nbsp;+0.34
|-
| Cu<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Cu(''s'')
|&nbsp;+0.340 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> +  [Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>4−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.36
|-
| O<sub>2</sub>(''g'') + 2 + 4  4(''aq'')
|&nbsp;+0.40 || <ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| H<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub> + 6 + 3  Mo<sup>3+</sup> + 2
|&nbsp;+0.43
|-
| CH<sub>3</sub>OH(''aq'') + 2 + 2  CH<sub>4</sub>(''g'') +
|&nbsp;+0.50
|-
| SO<sub>2</sub>(''aq'') + 4 + 4  S(''s'') + 2
|&nbsp;+0.50
|-
| Cu +  Cu(''s'')
|&nbsp;+0.520 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Karbon monoksida|CO]](''g'') + 2 + 2  C(''s'') +
|&nbsp;+0.52
|-
| I<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + 2  3I<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.53 || <ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Yodium|I]]<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 2  2I<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.54 || <ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| [AuI<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup> + 3  Au(''s'') + 4I<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.56
|-
| H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub>(''aq'') + 2 + 2  H<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>3</sub>(''aq'') +
|&nbsp;+0.56
|-
| [AuI<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup> +  Au(''s'') + 2I<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.58
|-
| MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> + 2 + 3  MnO<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 4
|&nbsp;+0.59
|-
| S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 6 + 4  2S(''s'') + 3
|&nbsp;+0.60
|-
| [[Ferrosin|Fc]] +  Fc(''s'')
|&nbsp;+0.641 || <ref>Neil G. Connelly. ''Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry''. ''Chemical Reviews''. 1 January 1996. Vol. 96 (2). hlm. 877–910. doi:10.1021/cr940053x.</ref>
|-
| H<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub>(''aq'') + 2 + 2  MoO<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 2
|&nbsp;+0.65
|-
|  + 2 + 2 
|&nbsp;+0.6992 || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| O<sub>2</sub>(''g'') + 2 + 2  <sub>2</sub>(''aq'')
|&nbsp;+0.70
|-
| Tl<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Tl(''s'')
|&nbsp;+0.72
|-
| PtCl<sub>6</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 2  PtCl<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 2Cl<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.726 || <ref>Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). ''Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications'', 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).</ref>
|-
| H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub>(''aq'') + 4 + 4  Se(''s'') + 3
|&nbsp;+0.74
|-
| PtCl<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 2  Pt(''s'') + 4Cl<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.758 || <ref>Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). ''Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications'', 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).</ref>
|-
| Fe<sup>3+</sup> +  Fe<sup>2+</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.77
|-
| [[Perak|Ag]] +  Ag(''s'')
|&nbsp;+0.7996 || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Air raksa|Hg]]<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup> + 2  2Hg(''l'')
|&nbsp;+0.80
|-
| [[Nitrate|NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>]](''aq'') + 2 +  [[Nitrogen dioksida|NO<sub>2</sub>]](''g'') +
|&nbsp;+0.80
|-
| [[Ferrat|FeO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>]] + 5 + 6  Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(''s'') + 10
|&nbsp;+0.81 ||<ref>[http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information]</ref>
|-
| [AuBr<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup> + 3  Au(''s'') + 4Br<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.85
|-
| Hg<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Hg(''l'')
|&nbsp;+0.85
|-
| MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> +  +  HMnO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.90
|-
|2Hg<sup>2+</sup> + 2  Hg<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.91 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Paladium|Pd<sup>2+</sup>]] + 2  Pd(''s'')
|&nbsp;+0.915 || <ref>Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). ''Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications'', 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).</ref>
|-
| [AuCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup> + 3  Au(''s'') + 4Cl<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.93
|-
|MnO<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 4 +  Mn<sup>3+</sup> + 2
|&nbsp;+0.95
|-
|[AuBr<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup> +  Au(''s'') + 2Br<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+0.96
|-
|[HXeO<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> + 2 + 2 +  [HXeO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup> + 4
| &nbsp;+0.99 || <ref>[http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information]</ref>
|-
|[[Asam Telurida|H<sub>6</sub>TeO<sub>6</sub>]](''aq'') + 2 + 2  TeO<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 4
|&nbsp;+1.02||<ref>[https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deret+elektrokimia&oldid=28588094 sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia]</ref>
|-
| Br<sub>2</sub>(''l'') + 2  2Br<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+1.066 || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| Br<sub>2</sub>(''aq'') + 2  2Br<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+1.0873 || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| IO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + 5 + 4  HIO(''aq'') + 2
|&nbsp;+1.13
|-
| [AuCl<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−</sup> +  Au(''s'') + 2Cl<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+1.15
|-
| HSeO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> + 3 + 2  H<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub>(''aq'') +
|&nbsp;+1.15
|-
| Ag<sub>2</sub>O(''s'') + 2 + 2  2Ag(''s'') +
|&nbsp;+1.17
|-
| ClO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + 2 +  ClO<sub>2</sub>(''g'') +
|&nbsp;+1.18
|-
| [HXeO<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3−</sup> + 5 + 8  Xe(''g'') + 11
|&nbsp;+1.18 || <ref>[http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information]</ref>
|-
| [[Platinum|Pt<sup>2+</sup>]] + 2  Pt(''s'')
|&nbsp;+1.188 || <ref>Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). ''Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications'', 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).</ref>
|-
| ClO<sub>2</sub>(''g'') +  +  HClO<sub>2</sub>(''aq'')
|&nbsp;+1.19
|-
| 2IO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + 12 + 10  I<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 6
|&nbsp;+1.20
|-
| ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> + 2 + 2  ClO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> +
|&nbsp;+1.20
|-
| O<sub>2</sub>(''g'') + 4 + 4  2
|&nbsp;+1.229 || <ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| MnO<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 4 + 2  Mn<sup>2+</sup> + 2
|&nbsp;+1.23
|-
|[HXeO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>−</sup> + 3 + 6  Xe(''g'') + 7
|&nbsp;+1.24 || <ref>[http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information]</ref>
|-
| Tl<sup>3+</sup> + 2  Tl
|&nbsp;+1.25
|-
| Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 14 + 6  2Cr<sup>3+</sup> + 7
|&nbsp;+1.33
|-
| Cl<sub>2</sub>(''g'') + 2  2Cl<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+1.36 || <ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| CoO<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 4 +  Co<sup>3+</sup> + 2
|&nbsp;+1.42
|-
| 2[[Hydroxylamine|NH<sub>3</sub>O]] +  + 2  [[Hydrazine|N<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>]] + 2
|&nbsp;+1.42 || <ref>[https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deret+elektrokimia&oldid=28588094 sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia]</ref>
|-
| 2HIO(''aq'') + 2 + 2  I<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 2
|&nbsp;+1.44
|-
| Ce<sup>4+</sup> +  Ce<sup>3+</sup>
|&nbsp;+1.44
|-
| BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + 5 + 4  HBrO(''aq'') + 2
|&nbsp;+1.45
|-
| [[Timbal dioksida|β-PbO<sub>2</sub>]](''s'') + 4 + 2  Pb<sup>2+</sup> + 2
|&nbsp;+1.460 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| α-PbO<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 4 + 2  Pb<sup>2+</sup> + 2
|&nbsp;+1.468 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| 2BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + 12 + 10  Br<sub>2</sub>(''l'') + 6
|&nbsp;+1.48
|-
| 2ClO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> + 12 + 10  Cl<sub>2</sub>(''g'') + 6
|&nbsp;+1.49
|-
| MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> + 8 + 5  Mn<sup>2+</sup> + 4
|&nbsp;+1.51
|-
| HO<sub>2</sub><sup>•</sup> +  +  <sub>2</sub>(''aq'')
|&nbsp;+1.51
|-
| Au<sup>3+</sup> + 3  Au(''s'')
|&nbsp;+1.52
|-
| NiO<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 4 + 2  Ni<sup>2+</sup> + 2
|&nbsp;+1.59
|-
| 2HClO(''aq'') + 2 + 2  Cl<sub>2</sub>(''g'') + 2
|&nbsp;+1.63
|-
| Ag<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(''s'') + 6 + 4  2Ag + 3
|&nbsp;+1.67
|-
| HClO<sub>2</sub>(''aq'') + 2 + 2  HClO(''aq'') +
|&nbsp;+1.67
|-
| Pb<sup>4+</sup> + 2  Pb<sup>2+</sup>
|&nbsp;+1.69 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[permanganat|MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup>]] + 4 + 3  [[mangan(IV) oksida|MnO<sub>2</sub>]](''s'') + 2
|&nbsp;+1.70
|-
| AgO(''s'') + 2 +  Ag +
|&nbsp;+1.77
|-
| <sub>2</sub>(''aq'') + 2 + 2  2
|&nbsp;+1.78
|-
| Co<sup>3+</sup> +  Co<sup>2+</sup>
|&nbsp;+1.82
|-
| Au +  Au(''s'')
|&nbsp;+1.83 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| BrO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> + 2 + 2  BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> +
|&nbsp;+1.85
|-
| Ag<sup>2+</sup> +  Ag
|&nbsp;+1.98 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|-
| [[Peroksodisulfat|S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub><sup>2−</sup>]] + 2  2[[sulfate|SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>]]
|&nbsp;+2.010 || <ref>Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in ''Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition'' (Chemical Rubber Company).</ref>
|-
| [[Ozon|O<sub>3</sub>]](''g'') + 2 + 2  O<sub>2</sub>(''g'') +
|&nbsp;+2.075 || <ref>Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). ''Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications'', 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).</ref>
|-
| HMnO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup> + 3 + 2  MnO<sub>2</sub>(''s'') + 2
|&nbsp;+2.09
|-
| XeO<sub>3</sub>(''aq'') + 6 + 6  Xe(''g'') + 3
|&nbsp;+2.12 || <ref>[http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information]</ref>
|-
|H<sub>4</sub>XeO<sub>6</sub>(''aq'') + 8 + 8  Xe(''g'') + 6
|&nbsp;+2.18 || <ref>[http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information]</ref>
|-
| FeO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> + 3 + 8  Fe<sup>3+</sup> + 4
|&nbsp;+2.20 || <ref>[http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/redox.htm Redox Reactions, Western Oregon University website]</ref>
|-
| XeF<sub>2</sub>(''aq'') + 2 + 2  Xe(''g'') + 2HF(''aq'')
|&nbsp;+2.32 || <ref>[http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information]</ref>
|-
|H<sub>4</sub>XeO<sub>6</sub>(''aq'') + 2 + 2  XeO<sub>3</sub>(''aq'') +
|&nbsp;+2.42 || <ref>[http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information]</ref>
|-
| [[Fluor|F]]<sub>2</sub>(''g'') + 2  2F<sup>−</sup>
|&nbsp;+2.87 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref><ref>Peter Atkins (1997). ''Physical Chemistry'', 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).</ref>
|-
| F<sub>2</sub>(''g'') + 2 + 2  2HF(''aq'')
|&nbsp;+3.05 || <ref>Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). ''Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions'' (Marcel Dekker, New York).</ref>
|}


== Lihat pula ==
== Lihat pula ==
Baris 37: Baris 680:


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
 
<references />
 
[[de:Elektrochemische Spannungsreihe]]
[[en:Standard electrode potential (data page)]]
[[es:Tabla de potenciales de reducción]]
[[fr:Liste de potentiels standards]]
[[ja:標準電位]]
[[zh:标准电极电势表]]
 
 


== Sumber dan atribusi ==
== Sumber dan atribusi ==


Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deret+elektrokimia&oldid=28588094 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28588094 (2025-11-21T13:09:30Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.
Konten artikel ini diadaptasi dari [https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deret+elektrokimia&oldid=28588094 Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia], revisi 28588094 (2025-11-21T13:09:30Z), yang tersedia berdasarkan lisensi Creative Commons Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa (CC BY-SA). Mohon gunakan konten ini secara bijak serta sesuai dengan ketentuan lisensi yang berlaku.
<!-- WIKI_UNISSULA_PRESENTATION_V4 -->

Revisi terkini sejak 28 Agustus 2026 09.11

Deret elektrokimia atau deret Volta adalah urutan logam-logam (ditambah hidrogen) berdasarkan kenaikan potensial elektrode standarnya.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

Umumnya deret volta yang sering dipakai adalah adalah:

Li K Ba Sr Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au

Pada Deret Volta, unsur logam dengan potensial elektrode lebih negatif ditempatkan di bagian kiri, sedangkan unsur dengan potensial elektrode yang lebih positif ditempatkan di bagian kanan.

Semakin ke kiri kedudukan suatu logam dalam deret tersebut, maka

  • Logam semakin reaktif (semakin mudah melepas elektron)
  • Logam merupakan reduktor yang semakin kuat (semakin mudah mengalami oksidasi)

Sebaliknya, semakin ke kanan kedudukan suatu logam dalam deret tersebut, maka

  • Logam semakin kurang reaktif (semakin sulit melepas elektron)
  • Logam merupakan oksidator yang semakin kuat (semakin mudah mengalami reduksi)

Salah satu metode untuk mencegah korosi antara lain dengan menghubungkan logam (misalnya besi) dengan logam yang letaknya lebih kiri dari logam tersebut dalam deret volta (misalnya magnesium) sehingga logam yang mempunyai potensial elektrode yang lebih negatif lah yang akan mengalami oksidasi. Metode pencegahan karat seperti ini disebut perlindungan katodik. Contoh lain dari perlindungan katodik adalah pipa besi, tiang telepon, dan berbagai barang lain yang dilapisi dengan zink, atau disebut Galvanisasi. Zink dapat melindungi besi dari korosi sekalipun lapisannya tidak utuh. Oleh karena potensial reduksi besi lebih positif daripada zink (posisinya dalam deret Volta lebih ke kanan), maka besi yang kontak dengan zink akan membentuk sel elektrokimia dengan besi sebagai katode. Dengan demikian besi terlindungi dan zink yang mengalami oksidasi. Badan mobil-mobil baru pada umumnya telah digalvanisasi, sehingga tahan karat.

Larutan garam suatu logam yang berada di bagian kiri dapat bereaksi dengan logam yang berada di bagian kanan. Contohnya larutan FeCl3 (feri chloride) boleh mengikis Cu (copper / tembaga).

Berikut adalah deret elektrokimia lengkap, diukur pada 298,15 K (25 °C):

Legenda: (s)–padat; (l)–cair; (g)–gas; (aq)–larutan; (Hg)–amalgam.
Setengah reaksi E° (V) Ref.
& -9
Zz 9
3⁄2N2(g) + + HN3(aq)   [9]
Li + Li(s)   [10]
N2(g) + 4 + 2 2NH2OH(aq) + 2   [11]
Cs + Cs(s)   [12]
Rb + Rb(s)   [13]
K + K(s)   [14]
Ba2+ + 2 Ba(s)   [15]
La(OH)3(s) + 3 La(s) + 3   [16]
Sr2+ + 2 Sr(s)   [17]
Ca2+ + 2 Ca(s)   [18]
Eu2+ + 2 Eu(s)   [19]
Ra2+ + 2 Ra(s)   [20]
Na + Na(s)   [21][22]
La3+ + 3 La(s)   [23]
Y3+ + 3 Y(s)   [24]
Mg2+ + 2 Mg(s)   [25]
ZrO(OH)2(s) + + 4 Zr(s) + 4   [26]
Al(OH)4− + 3 Al(s) + 4  
Al(OH)3(s) + 3 Al(s) + 3  
H2(g) + 2 2H−  
Ac3+ + 3 Ac(s)  
Be2+ + 2 Be(s)  
U3+ + 3 U(s)   [27]
Al3+ + 3 Al(s)   [28]
Ti2+ + 2 Ti(s)   [29]
ZrO2(s) + 4 + 4 Zr(s) + 2   [30]
Zr4+ + 4 Zr(s)   [31]
Ti3+ + 3 Ti(s)   [32]
TiO(s) + 2 + 2 Ti(s) +  
Ti2O3(s) + 2 + 2 2TiO(s) +  
Zn(OH)42− + 2 Zn(s) + 4   [33]
Mn2+ + 2 Mn(s)   [34]
Fe(CN)64− + 6 + 2 Fe(s) + 4HCN(aq)   [35]
Te(s) + 2 Te2−   [36]
V2+ + 2 V(s)   [37]
Nb3+ + 3 Nb(s)  
Sn(s) + 4 + 4 SnH4(g)  
SiO2(s) + 4 + 4 Si(s) + 2  
B(OH)3(aq) + 3 + 3 B(s) + 3  
Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 Fe(s) + 2   [38]
Fe2O3(s) + 3 + 2 2Fe(OH)2(s) + 2   [39]
TiO2+ + 2 + 4 Ti(s) +  
2air + 2 H2(g) + 2   [40]
Bi(s) + 3 + 3 BiH3   [41]
Zn2+ + 2 Zn(Hg)   [42]
Zn2+ + 2 Zn(s)   [43]
Ta2O5(s) + 10 + 10 2Ta(s) + 5  
Cr3+ + 3 Cr(s)  
[Au(CN)2]− + Au(s) + 2CN−  
Ta3+ + 3 Ta(s)  
PbO(s) + + 2 Pb(s) + 2  
2TiO2(s) + 2 + 2 Ti2O3(s) +  
Ga3+ + 3 Ga(s)  
U4+ + U3+   [44]
H3PO2(aq) + + P(white)[45] + 2   [46]
H3PO3(aq) + 2 + 2 H3PO2(aq) +   [47]
H3PO3(aq) + 3 + 3 P(red)[48] + 3   [49]
Fe2+ + 2 Fe(s)   [50]
2CO2(g) + 2 + 2 HOOCCOOH(aq)  
Cr3+ + Cr2+  
Cd2+ + 2 Cd(s)   [51]
GeO2(s) + 2 + 2 GeO(s) +  
Cu2O(s) + + 2 2Cu(s) + 2   [52]
PbSO4(s) + 2 Pb(s) + SO42−   [53]
PbSO4(s) + 2 Pb(Hg) + SO42−   [54]
Eu3+ + Eu2+   [55]
In3+ + 3 In(s)   [56]
Tl + Tl(s)   [57]
Ge(s) + 4 + 4 GeH4(g)  
Co2+ + 2 Co(s)   [58]
H3PO4(aq) + 2 + 2 H3PO3(aq) +   [59]
V3+ + V2+   [60]
Ni2+ + 2 Ni(s)  
As(s) + 3 + 3 AsH3(g)   [61]
AgI(s) + Ag(s) + I−   [62]
MoO2(s) + 4 + 4 Mo(s) + 2  
Si(s) + 4 + 4 SiH4(g)  
Sn2+ + 2 Sn(s)  
O2(g) + + HO2•(aq)  
Pb2+ + 2 Pb(s)   [63]
WO2(s) + 4 + 4 W(s) + 2  
P(red) + 3 + 3 PH3(g)   [64]
CO2(g) + 2 + 2 HCOOH(aq)  
Se(s) + 2 + 2 H2Se(g)  
CO2(g) + 2 + 2 CO(g) +  
SnO(s) + 2 + 2 Sn(s) +  
SnO2(s) + 2 + 2 SnO(s) +  
WO3(aq) + 6 + 6 W(s) + 3   [65]
P(white) + 3 + 3 PH3(g)   [66]
Fe3+ + 3 Fe(s)   [67]
HCOOH(aq) + 2 + 2 HCHO(aq) +  
2 + 2 H2(g)    0.0000 ≡ 0
AgBr(s) + Ag(s) + Br−  +0.07133 [68]
S4O62− + 2 2S2O32−  +0.08
Fe3O4(s) + 8 + 8 3Fe(s) + 4  +0.085 [69]
N2(g) + 2 + 6 + 6 2NH4OH(aq)  +0.092
HgO(s) + + 2 Hg(l) + 2  +0.0977
Cu(NH3)42+ + Cu(NH3)2 + 2NH3  +0.10 [70]
Ru(NH3)63+ + Ru(NH3)62+  +0.10 [71]
N2H4(aq) + 4 + 2 2NH4 + 4  +0.11 [72]
H2MoO4(aq) + 6 + 6 Mo(s) + 4  +0.11
Ge4+ + 4 Ge(s)  +0.12
C(s) + 4 + 4 CH4(g)  +0.13 [73]
HCHO(aq) + 2 + 2 CH3OH(aq)  +0.13
S(s) + 2 + 2 H2S(g)  +0.14
Sn4+ + 2 Sn2+  +0.15
Cu2+ + Cu  +0.159 [74]
HSO4− + 3 + 2 SO2(aq) + 2  +0.16
UO22+ + UO2  +0.163 [75]
SO42− + 4 + 2 SO2(aq) + 2  +0.17
TiO2+ + 2 + Ti3+ +  +0.19
SbO + 2 + 3 Sb(s) +  +0.20
AgCl(s) + Ag(s) + Cl−  +0.22233 [76]
H3AsO3(aq) + 3 + 3 As(s) + 3  +0.24
GeO(s) + 2 + 2 Ge(s) +  +0.26
UO2 + 4 + U4+ + 2  +0.273 [77]
Re3+ + 3 Re(s)  +0.300
Bi3+ + 3 Bi(s)  +0.308 [78]
VO2+ + 2 + V3+ +  +0.34
Cu2+ + 2 Cu(s)  +0.340 [79]
[Fe(CN)6]3− + [Fe(CN)6]4−  +0.36
O2(g) + 2 + 4 4(aq)  +0.40 [80]
H2MoO4 + 6 + 3 Mo3+ + 2  +0.43
CH3OH(aq) + 2 + 2 CH4(g) +  +0.50
SO2(aq) + 4 + 4 S(s) + 2  +0.50
Cu + Cu(s)  +0.520 [81]
CO(g) + 2 + 2 C(s) +  +0.52
I3− + 2 3I−  +0.53 [82]
I2(s) + 2 2I−  +0.54 [83]
[AuI4]− + 3 Au(s) + 4I−  +0.56
H3AsO4(aq) + 2 + 2 H3AsO3(aq) +  +0.56
[AuI2]− + Au(s) + 2I−  +0.58
MnO4− + 2 + 3 MnO2(s) + 4  +0.59
S2O32− + 6 + 4 2S(s) + 3  +0.60
Fc + Fc(s)  +0.641 [84]
H2MoO4(aq) + 2 + 2 MoO2(s) + 2  +0.65
+ 2 + 2  +0.6992 [85]
O2(g) + 2 + 2 2(aq)  +0.70
Tl3+ + 3 Tl(s)  +0.72
PtCl62− + 2 PtCl42− + 2Cl−  +0.726 [86]
H2SeO3(aq) + 4 + 4 Se(s) + 3  +0.74
PtCl42− + 2 Pt(s) + 4Cl−  +0.758 [87]
Fe3+ + Fe2+  +0.77
Ag + Ag(s)  +0.7996 [88]
Hg22+ + 2 2Hg(l)  +0.80
NO3−(aq) + 2 + NO2(g) +  +0.80
FeO42− + 5 + 6 Fe2O3(s) + 10  +0.81 [89]
[AuBr4]− + 3 Au(s) + 4Br−  +0.85
Hg2+ + 2 Hg(l)  +0.85
MnO4− + + HMnO4−  +0.90
2Hg2+ + 2 Hg22+  +0.91 [90]
Pd2+ + 2 Pd(s)  +0.915 [91]
[AuCl4]− + 3 Au(s) + 4Cl−  +0.93
MnO2(s) + 4 + Mn3+ + 2  +0.95
[AuBr2]− + Au(s) + 2Br−  +0.96
[HXeO6]3− + 2 + 2 + [HXeO4]− + 4  +0.99 [92]
H6TeO6(aq) + 2 + 2 TeO2(s) + 4  +1.02 [93]
Br2(l) + 2 2Br−  +1.066 [94]
Br2(aq) + 2 2Br−  +1.0873 [95]
IO3− + 5 + 4 HIO(aq) + 2  +1.13
[AuCl2]− + Au(s) + 2Cl−  +1.15
HSeO4− + 3 + 2 H2SeO3(aq) +  +1.15
Ag2O(s) + 2 + 2 2Ag(s) +  +1.17
ClO3− + 2 + ClO2(g) +  +1.18
[HXeO6]3− + 5 + 8 Xe(g) + 11  +1.18 [96]
Pt2+ + 2 Pt(s)  +1.188 [97]
ClO2(g) + + HClO2(aq)  +1.19
2IO3− + 12 + 10 I2(s) + 6  +1.20
ClO4− + 2 + 2 ClO3− +  +1.20
O2(g) + 4 + 4 2  +1.229 [98]
MnO2(s) + 4 + 2 Mn2+ + 2  +1.23
[HXeO4]− + 3 + 6 Xe(g) + 7  +1.24 [99]
Tl3+ + 2 Tl  +1.25
Cr2O72− + 14 + 6 2Cr3+ + 7  +1.33
Cl2(g) + 2 2Cl−  +1.36 [100]
CoO2(s) + 4 + Co3+ + 2  +1.42
2NH3O + + 2 N2H5 + 2  +1.42 [101]
2HIO(aq) + 2 + 2 I2(s) + 2  +1.44
Ce4+ + Ce3+  +1.44
BrO3− + 5 + 4 HBrO(aq) + 2  +1.45
β-PbO2(s) + 4 + 2 Pb2+ + 2  +1.460 [102]
α-PbO2(s) + 4 + 2 Pb2+ + 2  +1.468 [103]
2BrO3− + 12 + 10 Br2(l) + 6  +1.48
2ClO3− + 12 + 10 Cl2(g) + 6  +1.49
MnO4− + 8 + 5 Mn2+ + 4  +1.51
HO2• + + 2(aq)  +1.51
Au3+ + 3 Au(s)  +1.52
NiO2(s) + 4 + 2 Ni2+ + 2  +1.59
2HClO(aq) + 2 + 2 Cl2(g) + 2  +1.63
Ag2O3(s) + 6 + 4 2Ag + 3  +1.67
HClO2(aq) + 2 + 2 HClO(aq) +  +1.67
Pb4+ + 2 Pb2+  +1.69 [104]
MnO4− + 4 + 3 MnO2(s) + 2  +1.70
AgO(s) + 2 + Ag +  +1.77
2(aq) + 2 + 2 2  +1.78
Co3+ + Co2+  +1.82
Au + Au(s)  +1.83 [105]
BrO4− + 2 + 2 BrO3− +  +1.85
Ag2+ + Ag  +1.98 [106]
S2O82− + 2 2SO42−  +2.010 [107]
O3(g) + 2 + 2 O2(g) +  +2.075 [108]
HMnO4− + 3 + 2 MnO2(s) + 2  +2.09
XeO3(aq) + 6 + 6 Xe(g) + 3  +2.12 [109]
H4XeO6(aq) + 8 + 8 Xe(g) + 6  +2.18 [110]
FeO42− + 3 + 8 Fe3+ + 4  +2.20 [111]
XeF2(aq) + 2 + 2 Xe(g) + 2HF(aq)  +2.32 [112]
H4XeO6(aq) + 2 + 2 XeO3(aq) +  +2.42 [113]
F2(g) + 2 2F−  +2.87 [114][115]
F2(g) + 2 + 2 2HF(aq)  +3.05 [116]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  2. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  3. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2009). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 90th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  4. ↑ sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia
  5. ↑ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  6. ↑ Marcel Pourbaix (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).
  7. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  8. ↑ Gordon Aylward & Tristan Findlay (2008). "SI Chemical Data", 6th edition (John Wiley & Sons, Australia), ISBN 978-0-470-81638-7.
  9. ↑ sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia
  10. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  11. ↑ sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia
  12. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  13. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  14. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  15. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  16. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  17. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  18. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  19. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  20. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  21. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  22. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  23. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  24. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  25. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  26. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  27. ↑ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  28. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  29. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  30. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  31. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  32. ↑ Gordon Aylward & Tristan Findlay (2008). "SI Chemical Data", 6th edition (John Wiley & Sons, Australia), ISBN 978-0-470-81638-7.
  33. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  34. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  35. ↑ WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information
  36. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  37. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  38. ↑ WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information
  39. ↑ WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information
  40. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  41. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  42. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  43. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  44. ↑ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  45. ↑ Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×−0.499 + −0.508) ÷ 3 = −0.502 exactly matching the difference between the values for white and red phosphorus in equilibrium with PH 3 .
  46. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  47. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  48. ↑ Not specified in the indicated reference, but assumed due to the difference between the value −0.454 and that computed by (2×−0.499 + −0.508) ÷ 3 = −0.502 exactly matching the difference between the values for white and red phosphorus in equilibrium with PH 3 .
  49. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  50. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  51. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  52. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  53. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  54. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  55. ↑ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  56. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  57. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  58. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  59. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  60. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  61. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  62. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  63. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  64. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  65. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  66. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  67. ↑ WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information
  68. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  69. ↑ Marcel Pourbaix (1966). Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions (NACE International, Houston, Texas; Cebelcor, Brussels).
  70. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  71. ↑ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  72. ↑ sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia
  73. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  74. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  75. ↑ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  76. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  77. ↑ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  78. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  79. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  80. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  81. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  82. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  83. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  84. ↑ Neil G. Connelly. Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry. Chemical Reviews. 1 January 1996. Vol. 96 (2). hlm. 877–910. doi:10.1021/cr940053x.
  85. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  86. ↑ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  87. ↑ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  88. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  89. ↑ WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information
  90. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  91. ↑ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  92. ↑ WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information
  93. ↑ sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia
  94. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  95. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  96. ↑ WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information
  97. ↑ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  98. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  99. ↑ WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information
  100. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  101. ↑ sumber pada Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia
  102. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  103. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  104. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  105. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  106. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  107. ↑ Vanýsek, Petr (2007). “Electrochemical Series”, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics: 88th Edition (Chemical Rubber Company).
  108. ↑ Bard, A.J., Faulkner, L.R.(2001). Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edition (John Wiley and Sons Inc).
  109. ↑ WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information
  110. ↑ WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information
  111. ↑ Redox Reactions, Western Oregon University website
  112. ↑ WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information
  113. ↑ WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information
  114. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).
  115. ↑ Peter Atkins (1997). Physical Chemistry, 6th edition (W.H. Freeman and Company, New York).
  116. ↑ Bard, A. J., Parsons, R., and Jordan, J. (1985). Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions (Marcel Dekker, New York).

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